| ... | ... | @@ -108,15 +108,15 @@ and |
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<span dir="">In a first step ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> is used as an estimate instead of ME<sub>pg, d</sub> in the equation for \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub>, also for female beef cattle, since no corresponding data are available for them. For female beef cattle the, the age at slaughter takes the place of the age at first calving in the calculation of ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>. The transfer of the equation above to female beef cattle seems justified because the age-dependent term is linear, and this also applies approximately to the wight-dependency of the ME requirement for maintenance and thus also for grazing.</span>
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<span dir="">In a first step ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> is used as an estimate instead of ME<sub>pg, d</sub> in the equation for μ<sub>ME, mean</sub>, also for female beef cattle, since no corresponding data are available for them. For female beef cattle the, the age at slaughter takes the place of the age at first calving in the calculation of ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>. The transfer of the equation above to female beef cattle seems justified because the age-dependent term is linear, and this also applies approximately to the wight-dependency of the ME requirement for maintenance and thus also for grazing.</span>
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<span dir="">Since ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> and the other data included in the calculation of \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> (share of animals with no grazing, grazing time of grazing animals, total ME requirement, feed properties) from different sources, an overestimation or underestimation of \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> a priori, cannot be ruled out.</span>
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<span dir="">Since ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> and the other data included in the calculation of μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> (share of animals with no grazing, grazing time of grazing animals, total ME requirement, feed properties) from different sources, an overestimation or underestimation of μ<sub>ME, mean</sub> a priori, cannot be ruled out.</span>
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<span dir="">In a second step, it is therefore checked, whether the \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> calculated with ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> satisfies the conditions resulting from the fact that r<sub>GW</sub> and r<sub>FW</sub> cannot be negative:</span>
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<span dir="">In a second step, it is therefore checked, whether the μ<sub>ME, mean</sub> calculated with ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> satisfies the conditions resulting from the fact that r<sub>GW</sub> and r<sub>FW</sub> cannot be negative:</span>
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<span dir="">The lower limit in this equation means that, on average, for all heifers that go to pasture, the ME pasture grass portion cannot be less than in the forage variant with the lowest non-zero ME pasture grass portion. Accordingly, the upper limit takes into account that the mean ME pasture grass proportion cannot be greater than in the forage variant with the highest ME pasture grass proportion other than zero.</span> <span dir="">If the initially calculated \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> is greater than the upper limit in the equation above, it is set to the value of the upper limit; if it is smaller than the lower limit, it is set equal to the lower limit (both cases mean that ME<sub>pg, d</sub> differs from ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>).</span>
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<span dir="">The lower limit in this equation means that, on average, for all heifers that go to pasture, the ME pasture grass portion cannot be less than in the forage variant with the lowest non-zero ME pasture grass portion. Accordingly, the upper limit takes into account that the mean ME pasture grass proportion cannot be greater than in the forage variant with the highest ME pasture grass proportion other than zero.</span> <span dir="">If the initially calculated μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> is greater than the upper limit in the equation above, it is set to the value of the upper limit; if it is smaller than the lower limit, it is set equal to the lower limit (both cases mean that ME<sub>pg, d</sub> differs from ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>).</span>
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<span dir="">For the population mean annual dry matter intake it finally follows:</span>
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| ... | ... | @@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ and |
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<span dir="">For the inventory calculations data on digestibility and metabolizability of the feed is needed. The digestibility of the feed is taken to be 60 % according to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.73. There is no IPCC default value for the metabolizability. The inventory uses a metabolizability of 55%, see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel et al. (2020)</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-r%C3%B6semann-c-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-d%C3%B6ring-u-wulf-s-eurich-menden-b-freibauer-a-d%C3%B6hler-h-schreiner-c-osterburg-b-fu%C3%9F-r-2020)<span dir="">.</span>
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<span dir="">Then, assuming a feed intake according to the requirements, the ME requirements given above lead to a daily gross energy intake of \_GE\_<sub>mm</sub> = 200 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
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<span dir="">Then, assuming a feed intake according to the requirements, the ME requirements given above lead to a daily gross energy intake of GE<sub>mm</sub> = 200 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
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<span dir="">This leads, using the IPCC default for the GE content of the dry matter intake (18.45 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.21), to an annual intake of dry matter of 200\*365/18.45 = 3956.6 kg an<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>. </span>
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| ... | ... | @@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ and |
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{width="742" height="189"}
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<span dir="">The daily intakes of feed, nitrogen, and gross energy (\_GE\_<sub>we</sub>) are averaged over both feeding phases by analogy to the method described for sows. Digestibility \_X\_<sub>DE</sub> and metabolizability \_X\_<sub>ME</sub> are obtained by analogy.</span>
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<span dir="">The daily intakes of feed, nitrogen, and gross energy (GE<sub>we</sub>) are averaged over both feeding phases by analogy to the method described for sows. Digestibility X<sub>DE</sub> and metabolizability X<sub>ME</sub> are obtained by analogy.</span>
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<span dir="">The calculation of dry matter intake is based on the cumulative ME intake in the two different feeding phases and the phase-specific ME contents of the dry mass in the diets (see Table 8).</span>
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| ... | ... | @@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ and |
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**Table 10: <span dir="">Laying hens, diet used in feeding modeling</span>**
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{width=739 height=154}
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{width="739" height="154"}
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<span dir="">The specific N content of the feed is obtained by dividing the XP content by 6.25.</span>
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| ... | ... | @@ -299,13 +299,13 @@ and |
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<span dir="">The dry matter content of feed is assumed to be 88 %.</span>
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<span dir="">The feed conversion factor \_x\_<sub>feed, br</sub> increases with the duration of fattening; however, it has generally decreased since 1990 due to progress in broiler rearing. Based on the data in </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1989)</span>](/9%20Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1989)<span dir=""> and the assumption of a mean fattening duration of 40 days, a feed conversion factor of 1.87 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> was derived for 1990. For the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 the feed conversion factors are taken from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">. The feed conversion factors were linearly interpolated between 1990 and 2000 as well as between the years that are given by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see table 7 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">.</span>
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<span dir="">The feed conversion factor x<sub>feed, br</sub> increases with the duration of fattening; however, it has generally decreased since 1990 due to progress in broiler rearing. Based on the data in </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1989)</span>](/9%20Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1989)<span dir=""> and the assumption of a mean fattening duration of 40 days, a feed conversion factor of 1.87 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> was derived for 1990. For the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 the feed conversion factors are taken from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">. The feed conversion factors were linearly interpolated between 1990 and 2000 as well as between the years that are given by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see table 7 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">.</span>
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## Pullets
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<span dir="">Pullets are normally fed in four to five phases, at least in two phases.</span>
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[<span dir="">KTBL (2006b)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2006b)<span dir="">, pg. 576, provides the amount of feed required for 4 phases, see Table 11 (fresh matter). As no data on the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) is mentioned by KTBL, Table 11 was complemented with data on the content of metabolizable energy provided by </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](/9-Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1. This leads to a weighted mean ME content of the feed of </span>\_η\_<span dir=""><sub>ME, feed</sub> = 11.22 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
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[<span dir="">KTBL (2006b)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2006b)<span dir="">, pg. 576, provides the amount of feed required for 4 phases, see Table 11 (fresh matter). As no data on the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) is mentioned by KTBL, Table 11 was complemented with data on the content of metabolizable energy provided by </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](/9-Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1. This leads to a weighted mean ME content of the feed of </span>η<span dir=""><sub>ME, feed</sub> = 11.22 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
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**Table 11: <span dir="">Pullets, phase-related diet mass intake (fresh matter) and ME contents of feed</span>**
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| ... | ... | @@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ and |
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<span dir="">For the weight gain-related amount of feed intake (fresh matter) the inventory uses \_x\_<sub>feed, pu</sub> = 5.12 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007a</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007a)<span dir="">).</span>
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<span dir="">For the weight gain-related amount of feed intake (fresh matter) the inventory uses x<sub>feed, pu</sub> = 5.12 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007a</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007a)<span dir="">).</span>
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<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over all days of a production cycle):</span>
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| ... | ... | @@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ The feed and energy intake for geese is not calculated, as fixed N-excretion val |
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<span dir="">The calculation of the weight gain Δw<sub>du</sub> is based on duckling weight and final weight, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.1</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.1-weights-and-weight-gains)<span dir="">. With a final weight of 3 kg an<sup>-1</sup> (duckling weight 0.055 kg an<sup>-1</sup>), \_x\_<sub>feed, du</sub> amounts to 2.357 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
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<span dir="">The calculation of the weight gain Δw<sub>du</sub> is based on duckling weight and final weight, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.1</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.1-weights-and-weight-gains)<span dir="">. With a final weight of 3 kg an<sup>-1</sup> (duckling weight 0.055 kg an<sup>-1</sup>), x<sub>feed, du</sub> amounts to 2.357 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
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<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over lifespan):</span>
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| ... | ... | |
