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Update 2.4.5 Feed and energy intake for pigs authored by Claus Rösemann's avatar Claus Rösemann
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2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Feed-and-energy-intake.md
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......@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ These <span dir="">are then combined by weighted averaging to give the populatio
<span dir="">The modeling of the dry matter intake for the years 1990 to 2005 is based on the feeding recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> described above. For the years from 2014 onwards, the recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> are used. For the years between 2005 and 2014, linear interpolation is made between </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005) </span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">. A more differentiated time series of heifers feeding at national level is not possible due to a lack of suitable data.</span>
<span dir="">In each year of the time series, a weighted averaged feeding is derived from the three feeding variants (GW, FW and FN; see above)</span> <span dir="">and the data on grazing. This concept is illustrated by the three following equations</span><span dir="">.</span>
<span dir="">In each year of the time series, a weighted averaged feeding is derived from the three feeding variants (GW, FW and FN; see above)</span> <span dir="">and the data on grazing. This concept is illustrated by the three following equations.</span>
![grafik](uploads/11a04e6dd3d1e822d61a42e79cfd802f/grafik.png)
......@@ -108,15 +108,15 @@ and
![grafik](uploads/ea2e66ded70f41ead0da4cd2930e152b/grafik.png)
<span dir="">In a first step ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> is used as an estimate instead of ME<sub>pg, d</sub> in the equation for _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub>, also for female beef cattle, since no corresponding data are available for them. For female beef cattle the, the age at slaughter takes the place of the age at first calving in the calculation of ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>. The transfer of the equation above to female beef cattle seems justified because the age-dependent term is linear, and this also applies approximately to the wight-dependency of the ME requirement for maintenance and thus also for grazing.</span>
<span dir="">In a first step ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> is used as an estimate instead of ME<sub>pg, d</sub> in the equation for \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub>, also for female beef cattle, since no corresponding data are available for them. For female beef cattle the, the age at slaughter takes the place of the age at first calving in the calculation of ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>. The transfer of the equation above to female beef cattle seems justified because the age-dependent term is linear, and this also applies approximately to the wight-dependency of the ME requirement for maintenance and thus also for grazing.</span>
<span dir="">Since ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> and the other data included in the calculation of _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> (share of animals with no grazing, grazing time of grazing animals, total ME requirement, feed properties) from different sources, an overestimation or underestimation of _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> a priori, cannot be ruled out.</span>
<span dir="">Since ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> and the other data included in the calculation of \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> (share of animals with no grazing, grazing time of grazing animals, total ME requirement, feed properties) from different sources, an overestimation or underestimation of \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> a priori, cannot be ruled out.</span>
<span dir="">In a second step, it is therefore checked, whether the _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> calculated with ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> satisfies the conditions resulting from the fact that r<sub>GW</sub> and r<sub>FW</sub> cannot be negative:</span>
<span dir="">In a second step, it is therefore checked, whether the \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> calculated with ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> satisfies the conditions resulting from the fact that r<sub>GW</sub> and r<sub>FW</sub> cannot be negative:</span>
![grafik](uploads/680287a02ed34a5943b396dc4fc00a02/grafik.png)
<span dir="">The lower limit in this equation means that, on average, for all heifers that go to pasture, the ME pasture grass portion cannot be less than in the forage variant with the lowest non-zero ME pasture grass portion. Accordingly, the upper limit takes into account that the mean ME pasture grass proportion cannot be greater than in the forage variant with the highest ME pasture grass proportion other than zero.</span> <span dir="">If the initially calculated _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> is greater than the upper limit in the equation above, it is set to the value of the upper limit; if it is smaller than the lower limit, it is set equal to the lower limit (both cases mean that ME<sub>pg, d</sub> differs from ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>).</span>
<span dir="">The lower limit in this equation means that, on average, for all heifers that go to pasture, the ME pasture grass portion cannot be less than in the forage variant with the lowest non-zero ME pasture grass portion. Accordingly, the upper limit takes into account that the mean ME pasture grass proportion cannot be greater than in the forage variant with the highest ME pasture grass proportion other than zero.</span> <span dir="">If the initially calculated \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> is greater than the upper limit in the equation above, it is set to the value of the upper limit; if it is smaller than the lower limit, it is set equal to the lower limit (both cases mean that ME<sub>pg, d</sub> differs from ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>).</span>
<span dir="">For the population mean annual dry matter intake it finally follows:</span>
......@@ -159,11 +159,11 @@ and
<span dir="">The modeling of the gross energy intake (gross energy, GE) uses the GE content of the two feeding categories GW und GN calculated for the given time series year and the given ECM milk yield. Two different potential GE intake values are calculated (with and without grazing, analogous to dairy cows, which are then combined by weighted averaging to give the population-average GE intake GE<sub>int</sub>).</span>
## Male cattle > 2 years
## Male cattle \> 2 years
<span dir="">For the inventory calculations data on digestibility and metabolizability of the feed is needed. The digestibility of the feed is taken to be 60 % according to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.73. There is no IPCC default value for the metabolizability. The inventory uses a metabolizability of 55%, see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel et al. (2020)</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-r%C3%B6semann-c-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-d%C3%B6ring-u-wulf-s-eurich-menden-b-freibauer-a-d%C3%B6hler-h-schreiner-c-osterburg-b-fu%C3%9F-r-2020)<span dir="">.</span>
<span dir="">Then, assuming a feed intake according to the requirements, the ME requirements given above lead to a daily gross energy intake of _GE_<sub>mm</sub> = 200 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
<span dir="">Then, assuming a feed intake according to the requirements, the ME requirements given above lead to a daily gross energy intake of \_GE\_<sub>mm</sub> = 200 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
<span dir="">This leads, using the IPCC default for the GE content of the dry matter intake (18.45 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.21), to an annual intake of dry matter of 200\*365/18.45 = 3956.6 kg an<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>. </span>
......@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ and
**Table 7: <span dir="">Sows, diets used in the inventory, and their properties</span>**
![grafik](uploads/8ccf9e2f46f7210accbd1ece4eb16036/grafik.png)
![grafik.png](uploads/9746eef67f8ac608daf4c206840b540a/grafik.png){width=798 height=240}
<span dir="">The subsequent equation describes the calculation of the daily feed intake (dry matter) averaged over the production cycle. For the input data see Table 3 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements#sows-and-suckling-pigs)<span dir=""> and the table above. It was used that in this case the units "pl<sup>-1</sup>" and "sow<sup>-1</sup>" are equivalent.</span>
......@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ and
<span dir="">By analogy, the mean digestibility is obtained as a weighted mean over all phases of a production cycle.</span>
<span dir="">The amount of nitrogen taken in with feed is obtained by multiplying each term in the numerator of the previous equation with the respective _x_<sub>N</sub> value given in Table 7.</span>
<span dir="">The amount of nitrogen taken in with feed is obtained by multiplying each term in the numerator of the previous equation with the respective \_x\_<sub>N</sub> value given in Table 7.</span>
<span dir="">By analogy to the calculation of the daily feed intake, the amount of gross energy taken in daily with the feed is given by (averaged over the production cycle):</span>
......@@ -203,9 +203,9 @@ and
**Table 8: <span dir="">Weaners, diets used in the inventory, and their properties</span>**
![grafik](uploads/2b49b16a197a6555da14f77932f245f5/grafik.png)
![grafik.png](uploads/35cb498ed8b6f54cb2f0d51eb2195748/grafik.png){width=742 height=189}
<span dir="">The daily intakes of feed, nitrogen, and gross energy (_GE_<sub>we</sub>) are averaged over both feeding phases by analogy to the method described for sows. Digestibility _X_<sub>DE</sub> and metabolizability _X_<sub>ME</sub> are obtained by analogy.</span>
<span dir="">The daily intakes of feed, nitrogen, and gross energy (\_GE\_<sub>we</sub>) are averaged over both feeding phases by analogy to the method described for sows. Digestibility \_X\_<sub>DE</sub> and metabolizability \_X\_<sub>ME</sub> are obtained by analogy.</span>
<span dir="">The calculation of dry matter intake is based on the cumulative ME intake in the two different feeding phases and the phase-specific ME contents of the dry mass in the diets (see Table 8).</span>
......@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ and
![grafik](uploads/a68a0dfd7fa75396a707519fb13acf19/grafik.png)
<span dir="">A relative carcass weight of _x_<sub>br, cw</sub> = 0.73 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> is used (Federal Statistical Office, personal communication).</span>
<span dir="">A relative carcass weight of \_x\_<sub>br, cw</sub> = 0.73 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> is used (Federal Statistical Office, personal communication).</span>
<span dir="">This immediately leads to the annual intake of dry matter:</span>
......@@ -299,13 +299,13 @@ and
<span dir="">The dry matter content of feed is assumed to be 88 %.</span>
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor _x_<sub>feed, br</sub> increases with the duration of fattening; however, it has generally decreased since 1990 due to progress in broiler rearing. Based on the data in </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1989)</span>](/9%20Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1989)<span dir=""> and the assumption of a mean fattening duration of 40 days, a feed conversion factor of 1.87 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> was derived for 1990. For the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 the feed conversion factors are taken from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">. The feed conversion factors were linearly interpolated between 1990 and 2000 as well as between the years that are given by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see table 7 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">.</span>
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor \_x\_<sub>feed, br</sub> increases with the duration of fattening; however, it has generally decreased since 1990 due to progress in broiler rearing. Based on the data in </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1989)</span>](/9%20Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1989)<span dir=""> and the assumption of a mean fattening duration of 40 days, a feed conversion factor of 1.87 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> was derived for 1990. For the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 the feed conversion factors are taken from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">. The feed conversion factors were linearly interpolated between 1990 and 2000 as well as between the years that are given by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see table 7 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">.</span>
## Pullets
<span dir="">Pullets are normally fed in four to five phases, at least in two phases.</span>
[<span dir="">KTBL (2006b)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2006b)<span dir="">, pg. 576, provides the amount of feed required for 4 phases, see Table 11 (fresh matter). As no data on the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) is mentioned by KTBL, Table 11 was complemented with data on the content of metabolizable energy provided by </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](/9-Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1. This leads to a weighted mean ME content of the feed of </span>_η_<span dir=""><sub>ME, feed</sub> = 11.22 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
[<span dir="">KTBL (2006b)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2006b)<span dir="">, pg. 576, provides the amount of feed required for 4 phases, see Table 11 (fresh matter). As no data on the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) is mentioned by KTBL, Table 11 was complemented with data on the content of metabolizable energy provided by </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](/9-Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1. This leads to a weighted mean ME content of the feed of </span>\_η\_<span dir=""><sub>ME, feed</sub> = 11.22 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
**Table 11: <span dir="">Pullets, phase-related diet mass intake (fresh matter) and ME contents of feed</span>**
......@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ and
![grafik](uploads/d5c730ca126259314655d43c06690e11/grafik.png)
<span dir="">For the weight gain-related amount of feed intake (fresh matter) the inventory uses _x_<sub>feed, pu</sub> = 5.12 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007a</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007a)<span dir="">).</span>
<span dir="">For the weight gain-related amount of feed intake (fresh matter) the inventory uses \_x\_<sub>feed, pu</sub> = 5.12 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007a</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007a)<span dir="">).</span>
<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over all days of a production cycle):</span>
......@@ -331,17 +331,17 @@ The feed and energy intake for geese is not calculated, as fixed N-excretion val
![grafik](uploads/3c2888a58c74cc2567991d76378c9046/grafik.png)
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor _x_<sub>feed, du</sub> is estimated by linear interpolation of feed intake data given by </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1999)</span>](/9-Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1999)<span dir="">, pg. 131, as function of total weight gain (final weight minus duckling weight):</span>
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor \_x\_<sub>feed, du</sub> is estimated by linear interpolation of feed intake data given by </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1999)</span>](/9-Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1999)<span dir="">, pg. 131, as function of total weight gain (final weight minus duckling weight):</span>
![grafik](uploads/655e1150455bc75f64f2b8a8149f7ccb/grafik.png)
<span dir="">The calculation of the weight gain Δw<sub>du</sub> is based on duckling weight and final weight, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.1</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.1-weights-and-weight-gains)<span dir="">. With a final weight of 3 kg an<sup>-1</sup> (duckling weight 0.055 kg an<sup>-1</sup>), _x_<sub>feed, du</sub> amounts to 2.357 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
<span dir="">The calculation of the weight gain Δw<sub>du</sub> is based on duckling weight and final weight, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.1</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.1-weights-and-weight-gains)<span dir="">. With a final weight of 3 kg an<sup>-1</sup> (duckling weight 0.055 kg an<sup>-1</sup>), \_x\_<sub>feed, du</sub> amounts to 2.357 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over lifespan):</span>
![grafik](uploads/1eda363d558cd1f72cfa5a28f7bd3441/grafik.png)
A typical dry matter content of feed of 88 % is assumed, this results in a daily feed intake, related to dry matter, of around 0.125 kg pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>. <span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">Jeroch und Dänicke (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#jeroch-h-d%C3%A4nicke-s-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 166, the ME content of duck fattening (_η_<sub>ME, feed</sub>) diet related to fresh matter is 11.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, while </span>[<span dir="">Brehme (2007)</span>](/9-Literature#brehme-g-2007)<span dir=""> reports a ME content of 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> to 12.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>. The inventory uses 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
A typical dry matter content of feed of 88 % is assumed, this results in a daily feed intake, related to dry matter, of around 0.125 kg pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>. <span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">Jeroch und Dänicke (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#jeroch-h-d%C3%A4nicke-s-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 166, the ME content of duck fattening (\_η\_<sub>ME, feed</sub>) diet related to fresh matter is 11.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, while </span>[<span dir="">Brehme (2007)</span>](/9-Literature#brehme-g-2007)<span dir=""> reports a ME content of 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> to 12.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>. The inventory uses 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
## Turkeys
......