|
|
|
[[_TOC_]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Cattle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Dairy cows
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### <span dir="">German standard feeding recommendations</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the dairy cow's feed intake in the inventory model (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">) is based on the recommendations of German experts published by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005, 2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> on annual feed quantities depending on selected milk yields. These recommendations, which are structured according to feed components, take into account that the roughage in grassland farms is grass-dominated and in arable forage farms it is corn-dominated. In addition, it is taken into account whether the animals go to pasture. Table 1 shows an overview of the DLG feeding recommendations. The milk yield is given in ECM units. 'ECM' stands for energy corrected annual milk yield, which - on the basis of </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, equation (1.4.3) - is defined by</span>:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The DLG feed quantities are the sums of the lactation and dry period, converted to one year (personal communication by H. Spiekers, 2019, LfL Grub-Poing).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 1: <span dir="">Dairy cows, farming systems and milk yields for which DLG (2005, 2014) provide recommendations on annual feeding amounts</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the example of an annual milk yield of 8000 kg ECM per place (roughly the average in Germany in 2018), Table 2 shows the dry matter composition of the four feeding options from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. For this purpose, the concentrate feed quantities given by DLG in fresh mater were converted into dry mass, which was done with the aid of the dry mass content from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The total dry matter intake depends on the total energy requirement, which is calculated in the emissions inventory as a function of performance and weight data and thus varies regionally and from year to year.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 2: <span dir="">Dairy cows, feed composition recommende by DLG (2014) for a milk yield of 8000 kg ECM per place and year</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The feeding recommendations by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> for milk yields of 6000, 10000 and 12000 kg ECM basically agree with the structure shown in Table 2 for 8000 kg ECM, but the ratio of concentrated feed to roughage dry matter increases noticeably with increasing milk yield. The feeding recommendations in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> also correspond to the structure shown in Table 2, but without oilseed rape and MLF 20/7, instead with MLF 16/3; the percentage composition also differs somewhat from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> in some cases.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Modeling dry matter intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the dry matter intake for the years 1990 to 2005 is based on the feeding recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> described above. For the years from 2014 onwards, the recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> are used. For the years between 2005 and 2014, linear interpolation is made between </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. A more differentiated time series of dairy cow feeding at national level is not possible due to a lack of suitable data.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">First of all, the mean feeding parameters for milk yields of 6000, 8000 and 10000 kg ECM per place and year are determined for each time series year (for the feeding categories FW<sub>14, dc </sub>and FN<sub>14, dc </sub>also for 12000 kg ECM per place and year). The actual milk production is then determined in ECM units (Y<sub>ECM</sub>), which as a rule does not correspond to one of the support points 6000, 8000, 10000 or (in some cases) 12000 kg ECM. For Y<sub>ECM</sub> between 6000 and 10000 (or 12000 kg ECM) the mean feed properties between the closest ECM support points are linearly interpolated. If Y<sub>ECM</sub> is below or above the range marked by the ECM interpolation points, linear extrapolation is made using the closest two interpolation points in coordination with Spiekers (2020, personal communication, LfL Grub-Poing).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In a further step, the total NEL requirement is calculated according to Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements#dairy-cows)<span dir="">. This takes place in two different variants: On the one hand, for the feeding categories GW and FW associated with grazing (see Table 1) with the relative pasture share of the year (f<sub>time, graz</sub>) calculated according to Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements#dairy-cows)<span dir="">. For the categories GN and FN, where there is no grazing, f<sub>time, graz</sub> is set to 0 in the calculation of the total NEL requirement. This means that for each of the four categories GW, GN, FW and FN, a potential annual dry matter intake per place can be calculated, which would result if the entire dairy cow population were assigned to the respective category:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The actual, i.e. dry matter intake averaged over the population is calculated from the potential dry matter intake. For this purpose, the relative division of the dairy cow population into the four categories GW, GN, FW and FN is estimated: The only data available for this are the relative proportion of the population f<sub>F </sub>that is in forage farms and the relative proportion of the population f<sub>N</sub> that is only in the stable. This results in the population mean dry matter intake:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The parameters f<sub>F</sub> and f<sub>N</sub> represent mean values of the entire population. A differentiation of f<sub>N</sub> according to grassland and arable forage farms is just as impossible with the given data as a differentiation of f<sub>F</sub> according to 'with grazing' and 'without grazing'. With the equation above it is assumed that the proportion of grazing on grassland and arable farms is identical and that the proportion of cows kept on arable farms is identical in the groups with and without grazing.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Modeling GE intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the gross energy intake (gross energy, GE) uses the GE content of the four feeding categories GW, GN, FW and FN calculated for the given time series year and the given ECM milk yield. Analogous to the dry matter intake (see above) four different potential GE intake values are calculated (GE<sub>-int, GW</sub>, GE<sub>int, GN</sub>, etc., see the following equation:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
These <span dir="">are then combined by weighted averaging to give the population-average GE intake GE<sub>int</sub> :</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Calves
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The inventory model of feed intake in calf rearing is based on the feed quantities recommended by German experts in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29. These recommendations are based on the assumption that within 16 weeks after birth, a weight gain of 90 kg per calf will be achieved. For this, a metabolisable energy (ME) requirement of 3400 MJ per calf is assumed. It is assumed that three calves are reared per animal place and year. Table 3 shows, in dry matter units, the feeding recommendations per calf as well as per place and year. For this, it was taken into account that </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> generally specifies the concentrate quantities in fresh matter units in feeding recommendations, which are converted into dry mass units for Table 3 using the dry mass content from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15 (whole milk, milk replacer, calf concentrated feed.)</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 3: <span dir="">Calves, feeding per calf and per place and year as recommended by DLG (2014), in units of dry matter</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In preparation for the feeding modeling in the inventory, the ME requirement of 3400 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> assumed by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> was checked using the data and formulas on the energy requirements of rearing cattle described in </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, Chapter 1.5. A birth weight of 45 kg calf<sup>-1</sup> was assumed for this. This value is not mentioned in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29; however, </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 34, assumes a calf birth weight of 45 kg calf<sup>-1</sup> for dairy cows. In the case of the increase of 90 kg calf<sup>-1</sup> assumed by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29, this in turn means an end weight of 135 kg an<sup>-1</sup>. According to </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, Chapter 1.5, these data result in a cumulative ME requirement per calf of 1720.4 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> for maintenance and 1461.0 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> for growth, a total of 3181.5 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> . In comparison with the ME requirement of 3400 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> assumed by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, this result implies a safety margin by DLG.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Heifers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### German <span dir="">standard feeding recommendations</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the feed intake of heifers is based on the expert recommendations published by the German Agricultural Society (DLG) on feed quantities in German young cattle rearing (</span>[<span dir="">DLG, 2005</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 25 ff; </span>[<span dir="">DLG, 2014</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 30 ff). These recommendations include all feed components required from birth, converted to the mean annual requirement (kg per place and year). The feed quantities contained in these recommendations for the calf stage are not taken into account in the following, since the feeding of calves is modeled separately in the inventory, see above.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The fattening of female cattle from birth is of very little importance in Germany. The vast majority of female beef cattle are animals that were initially raised as dairy heifers before they were found to be unsuitable for milk production. Therefore, the inventory does not include separate feeding for female beef cattle.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The recommendations, which are broken down into feed components, take into account that the roughage in grassland farms is grass-dominated and in arable forage farms it is corn-dominated. In addition, it is taken into account whether the animals go to pasture. Table 4 shows an overview of the DLG recommendations on which the feeding modulation in the inventory is based.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 4: <span dir="">Heifers, farming systems for which DLG (2005, 2014) provide recommendations on annual feeding amounts</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Table 5 shows the dry matter composition of the feeding options from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005, 2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">. For this purpose, the concentrate quantities, which are given by DLG in fresh matter, were converted into dry mass, which was done with the help of the dry mass contents from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 13, and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 15.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The total dry matter intake depends on the total energy requirement, which is calculated in the emissions inventory as a function of performance and weight data and thus varies regionally and from year to year.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 5: <span dir="">Heifers, feeding composition as recommended by DLG (2005) and DLG (2014)</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Modeling dry matter intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the dry matter intake for the years 1990 to 2005 is based on the feeding recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> described above. For the years from 2014 onwards, the recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> are used. For the years between 2005 and 2014, linear interpolation is made between </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005) </span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">. A more differentiated time series of heifers feeding at national level is not possible due to a lack of suitable data.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In each year of the time series, a weighted averaged feeding is derived from the three feeding variants (GW, FW and FN; see above)</span> <span dir="">and the data on grazing. This concept is illustrated by the three following equations</span><span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The weight r<sub>FN</sub> is known; it is the proportion of the population known from statistical data that is in the stable all year round. For the other two weights, taking into account </span>μ<span dir=""><sub>ME, FN</sub> = 0 (see Table 5 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">), one obtains:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Population mean daily ME intake via pasture grass (ME<sub>pg,d</sub>) is unknown. However, in </span>[<span dir="">KTBL (2018</span>](/9%20Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2018)<span dir="">), p. 562, reference values for dairy heifers can be found. These can be converted into an linear equation:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In a first step ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> is used as an estimate instead of ME<sub>pg, d</sub> in the equation for _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub>, also for female beef cattle, since no corresponding data are available for them. For female beef cattle the, the age at slaughter takes the place of the age at first calving in the calculation of ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>. The transfer of the equation above to female beef cattle seems justified because the age-dependent term is linear, and this also applies approximately to the wight-dependency of the ME requirement for maintenance and thus also for grazing.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Since ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> and the other data included in the calculation of _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> (share of animals with no grazing, grazing time of grazing animals, total ME requirement, feed properties) from different sources, an overestimation or underestimation of _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> a priori, cannot be ruled out.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In a second step, it is therefore checked, whether the _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> calculated with ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> satisfies the conditions resulting from the fact that r<sub>GW</sub> and r<sub>FW</sub> cannot be negative:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The lower limit in this equation means that, on average, for all heifers that go to pasture, the ME pasture grass portion cannot be less than in the forage variant with the lowest non-zero ME pasture grass portion. Accordingly, the upper limit takes into account that the mean ME pasture grass proportion cannot be greater than in the forage variant with the highest ME pasture grass proportion other than zero.</span> <span dir="">If the initially calculated _μ_<sub>ME, mean</sub> is greater than the upper limit in the equation above, it is set to the value of the upper limit; if it is smaller than the lower limit, it is set equal to the lower limit (both cases mean that ME<sub>pg, d</sub> differs from ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the population mean annual dry matter intake it finally follows:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The calculation of the GE intake is based directly on the calculation of the dry matter intake.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Male beef cattle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The overall ME requirements are covered by concentrates and roughage. The relative share of concentrates is described with the following relation, using a regression approach and the two variants of maize silage /concentrates provided in </span>[<span dir="">KTBL (2008a)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2008a)<span dir="">, pg. 562 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9998).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Beef bulls are rarely grazed. However this topic has to be taken into account according to the results of the 2010 and 2020 agricultural censuses (LZ 2010 and LZ 2020). The calculation of ME requirements assumes that the ME input with roughage is proportional to the share of time during which the animals are grazed. ME is then taken in with pasture grass, whereas maize silage is the ME source for the remaining time.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">These assumptions combined with the knowledge of ME and N contents of all diet constituents (including concentrates) allow for a quantification of the dry matter and nitrogen intake (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir=""> for a detailed description of the general approach).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The properties of the diet constituents are listed in Table 6.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 6: Male beef cattle, diet Characteristics used in the inventory**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Suckler cows
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the feed intake of the suckler cow in the inventory model is based on the recommendations of German experts on annual feeding amounts published by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. In contrast to dairy cows, for which four different feed types are taken into account, only two different feed types are used in the suckler cow model: A distinction is made between grassland locations with grazing (GW) and grassland locations without grazing (GN). It is assumed that suckler cow husbandry only takes place on farms with sufficient grassland, since feeding suckler cows large amounts of concentrates is not profitable </span>[<span dir="">(Bauer & Grabner, 2012)</span>](/9-Literature#bauer-grabner-2012)<span dir="">. The nutrient content of the feeding components was taken from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, the feed consists of pasture grass (only when grazing), grass silage, hay, straw and small amounts of concentrates and mineral feed (for the diet characteristics of the feed components see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The dry matter intake of the various components is proportional to the amounts of the components in the ration specified in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. The amounts cannot be taken directly from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, since the energy requirements of the calf were included there. This is calculated separately in the inventory. If there is no grazing, the proportion of the "pasture grass" component is added to the hay and grass silage components, weighted according to their quantities.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">There are two exceptions to the distribution proportional to </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* <span dir="">The dry matter intake of pasture grass in the variant GW: Here the proportion of pasture grass in the ration is directly dependent on the time spent on pasture. The remaining energy requirement is again covered by the other ration components in proportion to the shares specified in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
* <span dir="">As in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, the amount of mineral feed is constantly set at 10 kg/cow and year.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The further calculation of the dry matter intake is analogous to the dairy cows, see above.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the gross energy intake (gross energy, GE) uses the GE content of the two feeding categories GW und GN calculated for the given time series year and the given ECM milk yield. Two different potential GE intake values are calculated (with and without grazing, analogous to dairy cows, which are then combined by weighted averaging to give the population-average GE intake GE<sub>int</sub>).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Male cattle > 2 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the inventory calculations data on digestibility and metabolizability of the feed is needed. The digestibility of the feed is taken to be 60 % according to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.73. There is no IPCC default value for the metabolizability. The inventory uses a metabolizability of 55%, see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel et al. (2020)</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-r%C3%B6semann-c-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-d%C3%B6ring-u-wulf-s-eurich-menden-b-freibauer-a-d%C3%B6hler-h-schreiner-c-osterburg-b-fu%C3%9F-r-2020)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Then, assuming a feed intake according to the requirements, the ME requirements given above lead to a daily gross energy intake of _GE_<sub>mm</sub> = 200 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This leads, using the IPCC default for the GE content of the dry matter intake (18.45 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.21), to an annual intake of dry matter of 200\*365/18.45 = 3956.6 kg an<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>. </span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">As a default N excretion rate is used (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">4.1.2</span>](/4%20Manure%20management/4.1%20Excretions/4.1.2%20N%20and%20TAN-Excretions)<span dir="">), there is no need to calculate feed intake.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Pigs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Sows and suckling-pigs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Sows are fed phase-dependent. Typical feed properties are listed in Table 7. They were used nationwide for the emission calculations for all years of the time series.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Specific N reduced feeding of sows is not relevant in practice (expert jugdement Brigitte Eurich-Menden, KTBL). Hence it is not applied in the inventory.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 7: <span dir="">Sows, diets used in the inventory, and their properties</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The subsequent equation describes the calculation of the daily feed intake (dry matter) averaged over the production cycle. For the input data see Table 3 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements#sows-and-suckling-pigs)<span dir=""> and the table above. It was used that in this case the units "pl<sup>-1</sup>" and "sow<sup>-1</sup>" are equivalent.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">By analogy, the mean digestibility is obtained as a weighted mean over all phases of a production cycle.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The amount of nitrogen taken in with feed is obtained by multiplying each term in the numerator of the previous equation with the respective _x_<sub>N</sub> value given in Table 7.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">By analogy to the calculation of the daily feed intake, the amount of gross energy taken in daily with the feed is given by (averaged over the production cycle):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Weaners
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The inventory accounts for two feeding phases. The change from phase 1 to phase 2 is at an approximate weight of 12 kg an<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Typical properties of the phase feeding are listed in Table 8. The feed composition in the new federal states (former GDR) in the years after the German unification did not differ in principle from that listed in Table 8 (expert judgement Schnabel, Rönsch, Bodenstein).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">N reduced feeding of weaners is of minor relevance (expert judgement Küster, LWK Niedersachsen) and no reliable data are available. Hence, the inventory does not consider N reduced feeding of weaners.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 8: <span dir="">Weaners, diets used in the inventory, and their properties</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily intakes of feed, nitrogen, and gross energy (_GE_<sub>we</sub>) are averaged over both feeding phases by analogy to the method described for sows. Digestibility _X_<sub>DE</sub> and metabolizability _X_<sub>ME</sub> are obtained by analogy.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The calculation of dry matter intake is based on the cumulative ME intake in the two different feeding phases and the phase-specific ME contents of the dry mass in the diets (see Table 8).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Fattening Pigs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">An essential prequisite for the modeling of the feeding of fattening pigs are the data sets obtained by the Federal Statistical Office during the 2011 and 2021 inquiries on protein feeding of fattening pigs as well as the dataset on fattening pig feeding by the German Association for Animal Nutrition </span>[<span dir="">(DVT, 2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir="">. The inquiries of the Federal Statistical Office queried the frequencies of various phase-feeding concepts on federal state level as well as the protein contents in the first phase and – in case of two-or multiphase feeding – in the last phase</span> in 2011. In 2021 the protein contents of up to 5 phases were queried.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to the data, 10.1 % of the German fattening pigs were fed single-phasedly in 2011, while 89.9 % were fed in two or more phases. For 1990 it is assumed in agreement with KTBL that the Bavarian frequencies provided by </span>[<span dir="">Lindermayer (2010)</span>](/9-Literature#lindermayer-h-2010)<span dir="">, Table 1, can plausibly be adopted nationwide (80 % of the fattening pig population fed single-phasedly, 20 % with two-phase feeding). This leads to the conclusion that the frequency of single-phase feeding has decreased in Germany over the years. The transition between single-phase feeding and multi-phase feeding in the years 1990 – 2010 on national level is then obtained by linear interpolation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Until submission 2021, these two protein contents from the survey of the Federal Statistical Office for pigs fed in multiple phases from 2010 were retained in the fattening pig model, as there was no data on the further development of the crude protein contents available. With the publication of the </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir="">, data up to and including the year 2020 are now available, which are used from the 2022 submission. The data of the DVT contain the average crude protein content over all feeding phases, weighted according to the feed consumption in the individual phases.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In order to be able to include this data, the fattening pig model was changed in such a way that the feed parameters of the individual phases are no longer included individually, but are first weighted according to the amount of feed consumption in the respective phase. These mean values then go into the calculation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir="">, the figures collected by the German Animal Nutrition Association reflect the feeding situation of around 45 % of the fattening pig places in Germany. The survey on protein use in pig fattening 2011 was a full survey. It is therefore assumed that the protein content of fattening pig feed from the survey for 2010 (16.07 %) is representative for the whole of Germany. In order to combine the two data sources for 2010, it was assumed that the mean raw protein levels from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir=""> were fed to 45 % of the fattening pigs. Thereupon, the average crude protein content that the other 55 % of the fattening pigs must have been fed with was calculated in order to arrive at the average crude protein content from the survey by the Federal Statistical Office for the year 2010. The crude protein content was 16.37 %. For the remaining 45 % of the fattening pig population, the constantly decreasing crude protein contents from the publication by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir=""> are used. These are available in five-year steps, between which linear interpolation is used. </span>From Submission 2023 onwards the values from the destatis survey in 2021 were available, which give a protein content for all fattening pigs in the year 2020 (14.92 %). For 2020 the procedure above has been repeated. In 2020 the protein content for the 55% of pigs that are not in the DVT dataset was 15.19 %. Between 2010 and 2020 this protein content of the 55% of pigs was interpolated. After 2020 the protein content was held constant. <span dir="">This procedure results in a mean crude protein content that decreases over the time series, see Figure 1.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The DVT also provided data on other characteristics of fattening pig feed over the time series as well as raw protein contents for the year 1990 (Emthaus, 2021, personal communication, see Table 9). Thus the average raw protein content in 1990 was 17.5 %. Since no further values are available between 1990 and 2000, a linear interpolation is made between the values of 1990 and 2000 for the years in between. The average ash content of the feed fell from 0.06 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> fresh matter to 0.045 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> fresh matter between 1990, which leads to increasing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from digestion. The energy content of the feed fell from 13.2 to 13.0 over the course of the time series, leading to an increase in feed intake. Meanwhile, the digestibility of the feed has increased from 0.82 to 0.84 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> fresh matter.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Figure 1: <span dir="">Mean Raw protein contents of fattening pig feed over the time series. Data are interpolated between the available time steps (1990, 2000, 2010, 2015, 2020).</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 9: <span dir="">Fattening pigs, feeding parameters</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The N contents of the feed are derived from the crude protein contents (x<sub>XP</sub>) by dividing by 6.25. Due to lack of more detailed information the data in Table 9 are assumed to be constant in space.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The intake of fresh matter is calculated from the requirements of metabolizable energy and the ME content:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Dry matter intake is calculated by multiplying fresh matter intake with a dry matter content of the diet of 0.88 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>. This value is the dry matter content of the feed of sows and weaners </span>[<span dir="">(DVT 2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir=""> which is assumed to be valid for fattening pigs’ diets as well. Dry matter intake is calculated for reporting purposes only; it is not used in the emission calculations.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The annual mean of the daily intake of gross energy is obtained according to the subsequent equation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The GE content of feed can be derived from the data provided in Table 9 as is described by the subsequent equation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Breeding boars
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Neither </span>[<span dir="">GfE (1987)</span>](/9%20Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-1987)<span dir=""> nor </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2006)</span>](/9%20Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2006)<span dir=""> recommend specific feeds for boars. The inventory uses the feed fed to sows during Phase A. For the feed properties see </span>[<span dir="">above</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Feed-and-energy-intake#sows-and-suckling-pigs)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily intake of feed (dry matter) and gross energy is calculated by analogy to the method described for sows.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Since the input data are the same for all years of the time series, there is a uniform daily dry matter intake of 2.7 kg pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> and a daily GE intake GE<sub>bo</sub> of 44 MJ pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Horses
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The intake of gross energy (GE) isn’t needed as input parameter for the emission calculations, but is to be reported in the CRF tables. </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9%20Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.28 provides a daily GE intake of 110 MJ pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> for the IPCC category “horses”, which corresponds to the German category “heavy horses”. This IPCC default GE intake corresponds to data given in </span>[<span dir="">Blum (2002)</span>](/9%20Literature#blum-jw-2002)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">A German value for the annual intake of digestible energy (DE) of heavy horses is given in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9%20Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 54. It is 32.5 GJ per place and year (or 89 MJ per place and day). The DE intake isn’t used in the emission calculations</span>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">A German value for the annual intake of digestible energy (DE) of light horses/ponies is given in DLG (2005), pg. 54. It is 21.0 GJ per place and year (or 58 MJ per place and day). The DE intake isn’t used in the emission calculations, but is serves as a basis for the estimation of the CH<sub>4</sub> emission factor for enteric fermentation of light horses/ponies</span>, <span dir="">see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">3.3</span>](/3%20Enteric%20fermentation/3.3%20Tier%201:%20goats,%20sheep,%20horses)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to the (rounded) difference of the DE intakes between heavy horses und light horses/ponies, the GE intake of light horses/ponies is estimated to be two thirds of the GE intake of heavy horses : 73 MJ pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Poultry
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Laying hens
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Feed requirements are derived from the postulation that the energy intake with feed meet the energy requirements of the animal. The feed characteristics used in this inventory are collated in Table 10 (adopted from </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007b</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007b)<span dir="">). A regional and temporal differentiation is not possible in the absence of statistical surveys. For the same reason, N-reduced feeding cannot be taken into account.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 10: <span dir="">Laying hens, diet used in feeding modeling</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The specific N content of the feed is obtained by dividing the XP content by 6.25.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (dry matter) as a mean over the entire lifespan as a laying hen is calculated as follows:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The inventory does not calculate the amount of gross energy GE as is not needed for the VS calculation method used in the present inventory.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Broilers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The usual multiphase feeding in practice can not be represented in the inventory due to the lack of statistical surveys on the characteristics of the feeding. The inventory is therefore based on the concept of an average feed conversion coefficient and average feed properties.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Accordingly, starting from the German gross broiler production according to Chapter</span>[<span dir=""> 2.3.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.3-Animal-Numbers/2.3.4-Poultry)<span dir="">, the annual feed intake for the average animal place is calculated as follows, whereby the low initial weight of the animals is conservatively neglected:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">A relative carcass weight of _x_<sub>br, cw</sub> = 0.73 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> is used (Federal Statistical Office, personal communication).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This immediately leads to the annual intake of dry matter:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The dry matter content of feed is assumed to be 88 %.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor _x_<sub>feed, br</sub> increases with the duration of fattening; however, it has generally decreased since 1990 due to progress in broiler rearing. Based on the data in </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1989)</span>](/9%20Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1989)<span dir=""> and the assumption of a mean fattening duration of 40 days, a feed conversion factor of 1.87 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> was derived for 1990. For the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 the feed conversion factors are taken from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">. The feed conversion factors were linearly interpolated between 1990 and 2000 as well as between the years that are given by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see table 7 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Pullets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Pullets are normally fed in four to five phases, at least in two phases.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<span dir="">KTBL (2006b)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2006b)<span dir="">, pg. 576, provides the amount of feed required for 4 phases, see Table 11 (fresh matter). As no data on the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) is mentioned by KTBL, Table 11 was complemented with data on the content of metabolizable energy provided by </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](/9-Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1. This leads to a weighted mean ME content of the feed of </span>_η_<span dir=""><sub>ME, feed</sub> = 11.22 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 11: <span dir="">Pullets, phase-related diet mass intake (fresh matter) and ME contents of feed</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (fresh matter) is calculated as follows (average over the lifespan as pullet):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the weight gain-related amount of feed intake (fresh matter) the inventory uses _x_<sub>feed, pu</sub> = 5.12 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007a</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007a)<span dir="">).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over all days of a production cycle):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Geese
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The feed and energy intake for geese is not calculated, as fixed N-excretion values are used.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Ducks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (fresh matter) per place is calculated as follows (averaged over lifespan):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor _x_<sub>feed, du</sub> is estimated by linear interpolation of feed intake data given by </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1999)</span>](/9-Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1999)<span dir="">, pg. 131, as function of total weight gain (final weight minus duckling weight):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The calculation of the weight gain Δw<sub>du</sub> is based on duckling weight and final weight, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.1</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.1-weights-and-weight-gains)<span dir="">. With a final weight of 3 kg an<sup>-1</sup> (duckling weight 0.055 kg an<sup>-1</sup>), _x_<sub>feed, du</sub> amounts to 2.357 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over lifespan):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A typical dry matter content of feed of 88 % is assumed, this results in a daily feed intake, related to dry matter, of around 0.125 kg pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>. <span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">Jeroch und Dänicke (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#jeroch-h-d%C3%A4nicke-s-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 166, the ME content of duck fattening (_η_<sub>ME, feed</sub>) diet related to fresh matter is 11.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, while </span>[<span dir="">Brehme (2007)</span>](/9-Literature#brehme-g-2007)<span dir=""> reports a ME content of 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> to 12.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>. The inventory uses 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Turkeys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (fresh matter) is calculated separately for male and female turkeys. The following equation shows the calculation for female turkeys but applies to male turkeys by analogy.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[[_TOC_]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Cattle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Dairy cows
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### <span dir="">German standard feeding recommendations</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the dairy cow's feed intake in the inventory model (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">) is based on the recommendations of German experts published by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005, 2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> on annual feed quantities depending on selected milk yields. These recommendations, which are structured according to feed components, take into account that the roughage in grassland farms is grass-dominated and in arable forage farms it is corn-dominated. In addition, it is taken into account whether the animals go to pasture. Table 1 shows an overview of the DLG feeding recommendations. The milk yield is given in ECM units. 'ECM' stands for energy corrected annual milk yield, which - on the basis of </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, equation (1.4.3) - is defined by</span>:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The DLG feed quantities are the sums of the lactation and dry period, converted to one year (personal communication by H. Spiekers, 2019, LfL Grub-Poing).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 1: <span dir="">Dairy cows, farming systems and milk yields for which DLG (2005, 2014) provide recommendations on annual feeding amounts</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the example of an annual milk yield of 8000 kg ECM per place (roughly the average in Germany in 2018), Table 2 shows the dry matter composition of the four feeding options from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. For this purpose, the concentrate feed quantities given by DLG in fresh mater were converted into dry mass, which was done with the aid of the dry mass content from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The total dry matter intake depends on the total energy requirement, which is calculated in the emissions inventory as a function of performance and weight data and thus varies regionally and from year to year.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 2: <span dir="">Dairy cows, feed composition recommende by DLG (2014) for a milk yield of 8000 kg ECM per place and year</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The feeding recommendations by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> for milk yields of 6000, 10000 and 12000 kg ECM basically agree with the structure shown in Table 2 for 8000 kg ECM, but the ratio of concentrated feed to roughage dry matter increases noticeably with increasing milk yield. The feeding recommendations in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> also correspond to the structure shown in Table 2, but without oilseed rape and MLF 20/7, instead with MLF 16/3; the percentage composition also differs somewhat from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> in some cases.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Modeling dry matter intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the dry matter intake for the years 1990 to 2005 is based on the feeding recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> described above. For the years from 2014 onwards, the recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> are used. For the years between 2005 and 2014, linear interpolation is made between </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. A more differentiated time series of dairy cow feeding at national level is not possible due to a lack of suitable data.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">First of all, the mean feeding parameters for milk yields of 6000, 8000 and 10000 kg ECM per place and year are determined for each time series year (for the feeding categories FW<sub>14, dc </sub>and FN<sub>14, dc </sub>also for 12000 kg ECM per place and year). The actual milk production is then determined in ECM units (Y<sub>ECM</sub>), which as a rule does not correspond to one of the support points 6000, 8000, 10000 or (in some cases) 12000 kg ECM. For Y<sub>ECM</sub> between 6000 and 10000 (or 12000 kg ECM) the mean feed properties between the closest ECM support points are linearly interpolated. If Y<sub>ECM</sub> is below or above the range marked by the ECM interpolation points, linear extrapolation is made using the closest two interpolation points in coordination with Spiekers (2020, personal communication, LfL Grub-Poing).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In a further step, the total NEL requirement is calculated according to Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements#dairy-cows)<span dir="">. This takes place in two different variants: On the one hand, for the feeding categories GW and FW associated with grazing (see Table 1) with the relative pasture share of the year (f<sub>time, graz</sub>) calculated according to Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements#dairy-cows)<span dir="">. For the categories GN and FN, where there is no grazing, f<sub>time, graz</sub> is set to 0 in the calculation of the total NEL requirement. This means that for each of the four categories GW, GN, FW and FN, a potential annual dry matter intake per place can be calculated, which would result if the entire dairy cow population were assigned to the respective category:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The actual, i.e. dry matter intake averaged over the population is calculated from the potential dry matter intake. For this purpose, the relative division of the dairy cow population into the four categories GW, GN, FW and FN is estimated: The only data available for this are the relative proportion of the population f<sub>F </sub>that is in forage farms and the relative proportion of the population f<sub>N</sub> that is only in the stable. This results in the population mean dry matter intake:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The parameters f<sub>F</sub> and f<sub>N</sub> represent mean values of the entire population. A differentiation of f<sub>N</sub> according to grassland and arable forage farms is just as impossible with the given data as a differentiation of f<sub>F</sub> according to 'with grazing' and 'without grazing'. With the equation above it is assumed that the proportion of grazing on grassland and arable farms is identical and that the proportion of cows kept on arable farms is identical in the groups with and without grazing.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Modeling GE intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the gross energy intake (gross energy, GE) uses the GE content of the four feeding categories GW, GN, FW and FN calculated for the given time series year and the given ECM milk yield. Analogous to the dry matter intake (see above) four different potential GE intake values are calculated (GE<sub>-int, GW</sub>, GE<sub>int, GN</sub>, etc., see the following equation:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
These <span dir="">are then combined by weighted averaging to give the population-average GE intake GE<sub>int</sub> :</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Calves
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The inventory model of feed intake in calf rearing is based on the feed quantities recommended by German experts in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29. These recommendations are based on the assumption that within 16 weeks after birth, a weight gain of 90 kg per calf will be achieved. For this, a metabolisable energy (ME) requirement of 3400 MJ per calf is assumed. It is assumed that three calves are reared per animal place and year. Table 3 shows, in dry matter units, the feeding recommendations per calf as well as per place and year. For this, it was taken into account that </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> generally specifies the concentrate quantities in fresh matter units in feeding recommendations, which are converted into dry mass units for Table 3 using the dry mass content from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15 (whole milk, milk replacer, calf concentrated feed.)</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 3: <span dir="">Calves, feeding per calf and per place and year as recommended by DLG (2014), in units of dry matter</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In preparation for the feeding modeling in the inventory, the ME requirement of 3400 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> assumed by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> was checked using the data and formulas on the energy requirements of rearing cattle described in </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, Chapter 1.5. A birth weight of 45 kg calf<sup>-1</sup> was assumed for this. This value is not mentioned in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29; however, </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 34, assumes a calf birth weight of 45 kg calf<sup>-1</sup> for dairy cows. In the case of the increase of 90 kg calf<sup>-1</sup> assumed by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29, this in turn means an end weight of 135 kg an<sup>-1</sup>. According to </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, Chapter 1.5, these data result in a cumulative ME requirement per calf of 1720.4 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> for maintenance and 1461.0 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> for growth, a total of 3181.5 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> . In comparison with the ME requirement of 3400 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup> assumed by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, this result implies a safety margin by DLG.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Heifers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### German <span dir="">standard feeding recommendations</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the feed intake of heifers is based on the expert recommendations published by the German Agricultural Society (DLG) on feed quantities in German young cattle rearing (</span>[<span dir="">DLG, 2005</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 25 ff; </span>[<span dir="">DLG, 2014</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 30 ff). These recommendations include all feed components required from birth, converted to the mean annual requirement (kg per place and year). The feed quantities contained in these recommendations for the calf stage are not taken into account in the following, since the feeding of calves is modeled separately in the inventory, see above.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The fattening of female cattle from birth is of very little importance in Germany. The vast majority of female beef cattle are animals that were initially raised as dairy heifers before they were found to be unsuitable for milk production. Therefore, the inventory does not include separate feeding for female beef cattle.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The recommendations, which are broken down into feed components, take into account that the roughage in grassland farms is grass-dominated and in arable forage farms it is corn-dominated. In addition, it is taken into account whether the animals go to pasture. Table 4 shows an overview of the DLG recommendations on which the feeding modulation in the inventory is based.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 4: <span dir="">Heifers, farming systems for which DLG (2005, 2014) provide recommendations on annual feeding amounts</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Table 5 shows the dry matter composition of the feeding options from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005, 2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">. For this purpose, the concentrate quantities, which are given by DLG in fresh matter, were converted into dry mass, which was done with the help of the dry mass contents from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 13, and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 15.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The total dry matter intake depends on the total energy requirement, which is calculated in the emissions inventory as a function of performance and weight data and thus varies regionally and from year to year.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 5: <span dir="">Heifers, feeding composition as recommended by DLG (2005) and DLG (2014)</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
### Modeling dry matter intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the dry matter intake for the years 1990 to 2005 is based on the feeding recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> described above. For the years from 2014 onwards, the recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir=""> are used. For the years between 2005 and 2014, linear interpolation is made between </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005) </span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">. A more differentiated time series of heifers feeding at national level is not possible due to a lack of suitable data.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In each year of the time series, a weighted averaged feeding is derived from the three feeding variants (GW, FW and FN; see above)</span> <span dir="">and the data on grazing. This concept is illustrated by the three following equations.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
with
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The weight r<sub>FN</sub> is known; it is the proportion of the population known from statistical data that is in the stable all year round. For the other two weights, taking into account </span>μ<span dir=""><sub>ME, FN</sub> = 0 (see Table 5 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">), one obtains:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Population mean daily ME intake via pasture grass (ME<sub>pg,d</sub>) is unknown. However, in </span>[<span dir="">KTBL (2018</span>](/9%20Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2018)<span dir="">), p. 562, reference values for dairy heifers can be found. These can be converted into an linear equation:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In a first step ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> is used as an estimate instead of ME<sub>pg, d</sub> in the equation for \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub>, also for female beef cattle, since no corresponding data are available for them. For female beef cattle the, the age at slaughter takes the place of the age at first calving in the calculation of ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>. The transfer of the equation above to female beef cattle seems justified because the age-dependent term is linear, and this also applies approximately to the wight-dependency of the ME requirement for maintenance and thus also for grazing.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Since ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> and the other data included in the calculation of \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> (share of animals with no grazing, grazing time of grazing animals, total ME requirement, feed properties) from different sources, an overestimation or underestimation of \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> a priori, cannot be ruled out.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In a second step, it is therefore checked, whether the \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> calculated with ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub> satisfies the conditions resulting from the fact that r<sub>GW</sub> and r<sub>FW</sub> cannot be negative:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The lower limit in this equation means that, on average, for all heifers that go to pasture, the ME pasture grass portion cannot be less than in the forage variant with the lowest non-zero ME pasture grass portion. Accordingly, the upper limit takes into account that the mean ME pasture grass proportion cannot be greater than in the forage variant with the highest ME pasture grass proportion other than zero.</span> <span dir="">If the initially calculated \_μ\_<sub>ME, mean</sub> is greater than the upper limit in the equation above, it is set to the value of the upper limit; if it is smaller than the lower limit, it is set equal to the lower limit (both cases mean that ME<sub>pg, d</sub> differs from ME<sub>pg, d, KTBL</sub>).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the population mean annual dry matter intake it finally follows:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The calculation of the GE intake is based directly on the calculation of the dry matter intake.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Male beef cattle
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The overall ME requirements are covered by concentrates and roughage. The relative share of concentrates is described with the following relation, using a regression approach and the two variants of maize silage /concentrates provided in </span>[<span dir="">KTBL (2008a)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2008a)<span dir="">, pg. 562 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9998).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Beef bulls are rarely grazed. However this topic has to be taken into account according to the results of the 2010 and 2020 agricultural censuses (LZ 2010 and LZ 2020). The calculation of ME requirements assumes that the ME input with roughage is proportional to the share of time during which the animals are grazed. ME is then taken in with pasture grass, whereas maize silage is the ME source for the remaining time.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">These assumptions combined with the knowledge of ME and N contents of all diet constituents (including concentrates) allow for a quantification of the dry matter and nitrogen intake (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir=""> for a detailed description of the general approach).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The properties of the diet constituents are listed in Table 6.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 6: Male beef cattle, diet Characteristics used in the inventory**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Suckler cows
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the feed intake of the suckler cow in the inventory model is based on the recommendations of German experts on annual feeding amounts published by </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. In contrast to dairy cows, for which four different feed types are taken into account, only two different feed types are used in the suckler cow model: A distinction is made between grassland locations with grazing (GW) and grassland locations without grazing (GN). It is assumed that suckler cow husbandry only takes place on farms with sufficient grassland, since feeding suckler cows large amounts of concentrates is not profitable </span>[<span dir="">(Bauer & Grabner, 2012)</span>](/9-Literature#bauer-grabner-2012)<span dir="">. The nutrient content of the feeding components was taken from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, the feed consists of pasture grass (only when grazing), grass silage, hay, straw and small amounts of concentrates and mineral feed (for the diet characteristics of the feed components see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The dry matter intake of the various components is proportional to the amounts of the components in the ration specified in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">. The amounts cannot be taken directly from </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, since the energy requirements of the calf were included there. This is calculated separately in the inventory. If there is no grazing, the proportion of the "pasture grass" component is added to the hay and grass silage components, weighted according to their quantities.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">There are two exceptions to the distribution proportional to </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
* <span dir="">The dry matter intake of pasture grass in the variant GW: Here the proportion of pasture grass in the ration is directly dependent on the time spent on pasture. The remaining energy requirement is again covered by the other ration components in proportion to the shares specified in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
* <span dir="">As in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, the amount of mineral feed is constantly set at 10 kg/cow and year.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The further calculation of the dry matter intake is analogous to the dairy cows, see above.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The modeling of the gross energy intake (gross energy, GE) uses the GE content of the two feeding categories GW und GN calculated for the given time series year and the given ECM milk yield. Two different potential GE intake values are calculated (with and without grazing, analogous to dairy cows, which are then combined by weighted averaging to give the population-average GE intake GE<sub>int</sub>).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Male cattle \> 2 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the inventory calculations data on digestibility and metabolizability of the feed is needed. The digestibility of the feed is taken to be 60 % according to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.73. There is no IPCC default value for the metabolizability. The inventory uses a metabolizability of 55%, see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel et al. (2020)</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-r%C3%B6semann-c-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-d%C3%B6ring-u-wulf-s-eurich-menden-b-freibauer-a-d%C3%B6hler-h-schreiner-c-osterburg-b-fu%C3%9F-r-2020)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Then, assuming a feed intake according to the requirements, the ME requirements given above lead to a daily gross energy intake of \_GE\_<sub>mm</sub> = 200 MJ an<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This leads, using the IPCC default for the GE content of the dry matter intake (18.45 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.21), to an annual intake of dry matter of 200\*365/18.45 = 3956.6 kg an<sup>-1</sup> a<sup>-1</sup>. </span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">As a default N excretion rate is used (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">4.1.2</span>](/4%20Manure%20management/4.1%20Excretions/4.1.2%20N%20and%20TAN-Excretions)<span dir="">), there is no need to calculate feed intake.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Pigs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Sows and suckling-pigs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Sows are fed phase-dependent. Typical feed properties are listed in Table 7. They were used nationwide for the emission calculations for all years of the time series.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Specific N reduced feeding of sows is not relevant in practice (expert jugdement Brigitte Eurich-Menden, KTBL). Hence it is not applied in the inventory.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 7: <span dir="">Sows, diets used in the inventory, and their properties</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{width=798 height=240}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The subsequent equation describes the calculation of the daily feed intake (dry matter) averaged over the production cycle. For the input data see Table 3 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements#sows-and-suckling-pigs)<span dir=""> and the table above. It was used that in this case the units "pl<sup>-1</sup>" and "sow<sup>-1</sup>" are equivalent.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">By analogy, the mean digestibility is obtained as a weighted mean over all phases of a production cycle.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The amount of nitrogen taken in with feed is obtained by multiplying each term in the numerator of the previous equation with the respective \_x\_<sub>N</sub> value given in Table 7.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">By analogy to the calculation of the daily feed intake, the amount of gross energy taken in daily with the feed is given by (averaged over the production cycle):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Weaners
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The inventory accounts for two feeding phases. The change from phase 1 to phase 2 is at an approximate weight of 12 kg an<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Typical properties of the phase feeding are listed in Table 8. The feed composition in the new federal states (former GDR) in the years after the German unification did not differ in principle from that listed in Table 8 (expert judgement Schnabel, Rönsch, Bodenstein).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">N reduced feeding of weaners is of minor relevance (expert judgement Küster, LWK Niedersachsen) and no reliable data are available. Hence, the inventory does not consider N reduced feeding of weaners.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 8: <span dir="">Weaners, diets used in the inventory, and their properties</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
{width=742 height=189}
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily intakes of feed, nitrogen, and gross energy (\_GE\_<sub>we</sub>) are averaged over both feeding phases by analogy to the method described for sows. Digestibility \_X\_<sub>DE</sub> and metabolizability \_X\_<sub>ME</sub> are obtained by analogy.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The calculation of dry matter intake is based on the cumulative ME intake in the two different feeding phases and the phase-specific ME contents of the dry mass in the diets (see Table 8).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Fattening Pigs
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">An essential prequisite for the modeling of the feeding of fattening pigs are the data sets obtained by the Federal Statistical Office during the 2011 and 2021 inquiries on protein feeding of fattening pigs as well as the dataset on fattening pig feeding by the German Association for Animal Nutrition </span>[<span dir="">(DVT, 2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir="">. The inquiries of the Federal Statistical Office queried the frequencies of various phase-feeding concepts on federal state level as well as the protein contents in the first phase and – in case of two-or multiphase feeding – in the last phase</span> in 2011. In 2021 the protein contents of up to 5 phases were queried.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to the data, 10.1 % of the German fattening pigs were fed single-phasedly in 2011, while 89.9 % were fed in two or more phases. For 1990 it is assumed in agreement with KTBL that the Bavarian frequencies provided by </span>[<span dir="">Lindermayer (2010)</span>](/9-Literature#lindermayer-h-2010)<span dir="">, Table 1, can plausibly be adopted nationwide (80 % of the fattening pig population fed single-phasedly, 20 % with two-phase feeding). This leads to the conclusion that the frequency of single-phase feeding has decreased in Germany over the years. The transition between single-phase feeding and multi-phase feeding in the years 1990 – 2010 on national level is then obtained by linear interpolation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Until submission 2021, these two protein contents from the survey of the Federal Statistical Office for pigs fed in multiple phases from 2010 were retained in the fattening pig model, as there was no data on the further development of the crude protein contents available. With the publication of the </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir="">, data up to and including the year 2020 are now available, which are used from the 2022 submission. The data of the DVT contain the average crude protein content over all feeding phases, weighted according to the feed consumption in the individual phases.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">In order to be able to include this data, the fattening pig model was changed in such a way that the feed parameters of the individual phases are no longer included individually, but are first weighted according to the amount of feed consumption in the respective phase. These mean values then go into the calculation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir="">, the figures collected by the German Animal Nutrition Association reflect the feeding situation of around 45 % of the fattening pig places in Germany. The survey on protein use in pig fattening 2011 was a full survey. It is therefore assumed that the protein content of fattening pig feed from the survey for 2010 (16.07 %) is representative for the whole of Germany. In order to combine the two data sources for 2010, it was assumed that the mean raw protein levels from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir=""> were fed to 45 % of the fattening pigs. Thereupon, the average crude protein content that the other 55 % of the fattening pigs must have been fed with was calculated in order to arrive at the average crude protein content from the survey by the Federal Statistical Office for the year 2010. The crude protein content was 16.37 %. For the remaining 45 % of the fattening pig population, the constantly decreasing crude protein contents from the publication by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir=""> are used. These are available in five-year steps, between which linear interpolation is used. </span>From Submission 2023 onwards the values from the destatis survey in 2021 were available, which give a protein content for all fattening pigs in the year 2020 (14.92 %). For 2020 the procedure above has been repeated. In 2020 the protein content for the 55% of pigs that are not in the DVT dataset was 15.19 %. Between 2010 and 2020 this protein content of the 55% of pigs was interpolated. After 2020 the protein content was held constant. <span dir="">This procedure results in a mean crude protein content that decreases over the time series, see Figure 1.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The DVT also provided data on other characteristics of fattening pig feed over the time series as well as raw protein contents for the year 1990 (Emthaus, 2021, personal communication, see Table 9). Thus the average raw protein content in 1990 was 17.5 %. Since no further values are available between 1990 and 2000, a linear interpolation is made between the values of 1990 and 2000 for the years in between. The average ash content of the feed fell from 0.06 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> fresh matter to 0.045 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> fresh matter between 1990, which leads to increasing CH<sub>4</sub> emissions from digestion. The energy content of the feed fell from 13.2 to 13.0 over the course of the time series, leading to an increase in feed intake. Meanwhile, the digestibility of the feed has increased from 0.82 to 0.84 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> fresh matter.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Figure 1: <span dir="">Mean Raw protein contents of fattening pig feed over the time series. Data are interpolated between the available time steps (1990, 2000, 2010, 2015, 2020).</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 9: <span dir="">Fattening pigs, feeding parameters</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The N contents of the feed are derived from the crude protein contents (x<sub>XP</sub>) by dividing by 6.25. Due to lack of more detailed information the data in Table 9 are assumed to be constant in space.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The intake of fresh matter is calculated from the requirements of metabolizable energy and the ME content:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Dry matter intake is calculated by multiplying fresh matter intake with a dry matter content of the diet of 0.88 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>. This value is the dry matter content of the feed of sows and weaners </span>[<span dir="">(DVT 2021a)</span>](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a)<span dir=""> which is assumed to be valid for fattening pigs’ diets as well. Dry matter intake is calculated for reporting purposes only; it is not used in the emission calculations.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The annual mean of the daily intake of gross energy is obtained according to the subsequent equation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The GE content of feed can be derived from the data provided in Table 9 as is described by the subsequent equation.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Breeding boars
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Neither </span>[<span dir="">GfE (1987)</span>](/9%20Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-1987)<span dir=""> nor </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2006)</span>](/9%20Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2006)<span dir=""> recommend specific feeds for boars. The inventory uses the feed fed to sows during Phase A. For the feed properties see </span>[<span dir="">above</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Feed-and-energy-intake#sows-and-suckling-pigs)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily intake of feed (dry matter) and gross energy is calculated by analogy to the method described for sows.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Since the input data are the same for all years of the time series, there is a uniform daily dry matter intake of 2.7 kg pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> and a daily GE intake GE<sub>bo</sub> of 44 MJ pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Horses
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The intake of gross energy (GE) isn’t needed as input parameter for the emission calculations, but is to be reported in the CRF tables. </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9%20Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.28 provides a daily GE intake of 110 MJ pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup> for the IPCC category “horses”, which corresponds to the German category “heavy horses”. This IPCC default GE intake corresponds to data given in </span>[<span dir="">Blum (2002)</span>](/9%20Literature#blum-jw-2002)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">A German value for the annual intake of digestible energy (DE) of heavy horses is given in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9%20Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 54. It is 32.5 GJ per place and year (or 89 MJ per place and day). The DE intake isn’t used in the emission calculations</span>.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">A German value for the annual intake of digestible energy (DE) of light horses/ponies is given in DLG (2005), pg. 54. It is 21.0 GJ per place and year (or 58 MJ per place and day). The DE intake isn’t used in the emission calculations, but is serves as a basis for the estimation of the CH<sub>4</sub> emission factor for enteric fermentation of light horses/ponies</span>, <span dir="">see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">3.3</span>](/3%20Enteric%20fermentation/3.3%20Tier%201:%20goats,%20sheep,%20horses)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">According to the (rounded) difference of the DE intakes between heavy horses und light horses/ponies, the GE intake of light horses/ponies is estimated to be two thirds of the GE intake of heavy horses : 73 MJ pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# Poultry
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Laying hens
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Feed requirements are derived from the postulation that the energy intake with feed meet the energy requirements of the animal. The feed characteristics used in this inventory are collated in Table 10 (adopted from </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007b</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007b)<span dir="">). A regional and temporal differentiation is not possible in the absence of statistical surveys. For the same reason, N-reduced feeding cannot be taken into account.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 10: <span dir="">Laying hens, diet used in feeding modeling</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The specific N content of the feed is obtained by dividing the XP content by 6.25.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (dry matter) as a mean over the entire lifespan as a laying hen is calculated as follows:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The inventory does not calculate the amount of gross energy GE as is not needed for the VS calculation method used in the present inventory.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Broilers
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The usual multiphase feeding in practice can not be represented in the inventory due to the lack of statistical surveys on the characteristics of the feeding. The inventory is therefore based on the concept of an average feed conversion coefficient and average feed properties.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Accordingly, starting from the German gross broiler production according to Chapter</span>[<span dir=""> 2.3.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.3-Animal-Numbers/2.3.4-Poultry)<span dir="">, the annual feed intake for the average animal place is calculated as follows, whereby the low initial weight of the animals is conservatively neglected:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">A relative carcass weight of \_x\_<sub>br, cw</sub> = 0.73 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> is used (Federal Statistical Office, personal communication).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This immediately leads to the annual intake of dry matter:</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The dry matter content of feed is assumed to be 88 %.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor \_x\_<sub>feed, br</sub> increases with the duration of fattening; however, it has generally decreased since 1990 due to progress in broiler rearing. Based on the data in </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1989)</span>](/9%20Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1989)<span dir=""> and the assumption of a mean fattening duration of 40 days, a feed conversion factor of 1.87 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> was derived for 1990. For the years 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020 the feed conversion factors are taken from </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">. The feed conversion factors were linearly interpolated between 1990 and 2000 as well as between the years that are given by </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see table 7 in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.6</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties)<span dir="">.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Pullets
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">Pullets are normally fed in four to five phases, at least in two phases.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
[<span dir="">KTBL (2006b)</span>](/9-Literature#ktbl-kuratorium-f%C3%BCr-technik-und-bauwesen-in-der-landwirtschaft-ed-2006b)<span dir="">, pg. 576, provides the amount of feed required for 4 phases, see Table 11 (fresh matter). As no data on the intake of metabolizable energy (ME) is mentioned by KTBL, Table 11 was complemented with data on the content of metabolizable energy provided by </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](/9-Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1. This leads to a weighted mean ME content of the feed of </span>\_η\_<span dir=""><sub>ME, feed</sub> = 11.22 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
**Table 11: <span dir="">Pullets, phase-related diet mass intake (fresh matter) and ME contents of feed</span>**
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (fresh matter) is calculated as follows (average over the lifespan as pullet):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">For the weight gain-related amount of feed intake (fresh matter) the inventory uses \_x\_<sub>feed, pu</sub> = 5.12 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (see </span>[<span dir="">Haenel and Dämmgen, 2007a</span>](/9-Literature#haenel-h-d-d%C3%A4mmgen-u-2007a)<span dir="">).</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over all days of a production cycle):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Geese
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The feed and energy intake for geese is not calculated, as fixed N-excretion values are used.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Ducks
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (fresh matter) per place is calculated as follows (averaged over lifespan):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The feed conversion factor \_x\_<sub>feed, du</sub> is estimated by linear interpolation of feed intake data given by </span>[<span dir="">Tüller (1999)</span>](/9-Literature#t%C3%BCller-r-1999)<span dir="">, pg. 131, as function of total weight gain (final weight minus duckling weight):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The calculation of the weight gain Δw<sub>du</sub> is based on duckling weight and final weight, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.1</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.1-weights-and-weight-gains)<span dir="">. With a final weight of 3 kg an<sup>-1</sup> (duckling weight 0.055 kg an<sup>-1</sup>), \_x\_<sub>feed, du</sub> amounts to 2.357 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">This leads to the daily intake of dry matter (average over lifespan):</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A typical dry matter content of feed of 88 % is assumed, this results in a daily feed intake, related to dry matter, of around 0.125 kg pl<sup>-1</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>. <span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">Jeroch und Dänicke (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#jeroch-h-d%C3%A4nicke-s-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 166, the ME content of duck fattening (\_η\_<sub>ME, feed</sub>) diet related to fresh matter is 11.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, while </span>[<span dir="">Brehme (2007)</span>](/9-Literature#brehme-g-2007)<span dir=""> reports a ME content of 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> to 12.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>. The inventory uses 12 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>, related to fresh matter.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
## Turkeys
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The daily feed intake (fresh matter) is calculated separately for male and female turkeys. The following equation shows the calculation for female turkeys but applies to male turkeys by analogy.</span>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<span dir="">The dry matter intake is calculated from the fresh matter intake by multiplication with a typical dry matter content of 0.88 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (U. Meyer, Friedrich Löffler Institute, personal communication).</span> |
|
|
\ No newline at end of file |
