5-Crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.3-Greenhouse-gases/5.3.2-Indirect-N2O-emissions.md

@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ Table 1  gives an overview of the methodologies applied. Since submission 2024
 
 Nitrogen inputs into soils are to some extent liable to runoff and leaching. The inputs into surface and ground waters give rise to indirect nitrous oxide emissions.
 
-The indirect N2O emissions as a result of leaching and surface runoff are calculated using a Tier 3 method since submission 2024. The methodology is based on the calculation of nitrogen surpluses, a proportion of which is washed out as nitrate or laterally displaced into receiving waters in a region-specific manner. The N surpluses are formed from the sum of the N inputs (from mineral fertilizers, manure (domestic and imported), crop residues, digestion residues, sewage sludge and composts) minus the N withdrawal in the harvest and minus the nitrogen emitted as NH3 when mineral and organic fertilizers are applied. [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) have modeled what proportion of the N excess at the NUTS-2 level is washed out or flows off the surface. This proportion is assumed to be constant over the entire time series. The methodology is described in detail in [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf).
+The indirect N2O emissions as a result of leaching and surface runoff are calculated using a Tier 3 method since submission 2024. The methodology is based on the calculation of nitrogen surpluses, a proportion of which is washed out as nitrate or laterally displaced into receiving waters in a region-specific manner. The N surpluses are formed from the sum of the N inputs (from mineral fertilizers, manure (domestic and imported), crop residues, digestion residues, sewage sludge and composts) minus the N withdrawal in the harvest and minus the nitrogen emitted as NH3 when mineral and organic fertilizers are applied. [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) have modeled what proportion of the N excess at the NUTS-2 level is washed out or flows off the surface. This proportion is assumed to be constant over the entire time series. 
+
+[Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) estimated regional and dynamic fracleach values by combining different models. High resolution input data on the production of animals and crop, as well as on climatic and hydrological factors were used as input data, regarding the time between 2014-2016. As studies found that N surplus is a better predictor of N leaching than N input (De Notaris et al. 2018), the N surplus was modeled.The methodology is described in detail in [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf).
 
 The indirect N2O emissions are calculated by multiplying the amount of N that is leached or flows off the surface with the N2O-N conversion factor 44/28, as well as the emission factor (0.011 kg N2O-N (kg N)-1, see [IPCC (2019)](/9%20Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019) ). Figure 1 shows that the emissions resulting from the new method are significantly lower than with the previous Tier 1 method with constant FracLEACH. The secondary axis shows the average winter wheat yield, with which the national N surplus in crop production is negatively correlated. From 2020 onwards, this correlation is overshadowed by effects of stricter fertilizer laws and high fertilizer prices.