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[[_TOC_]]
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N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions from managed agricultural soils and cultures fall into two categories: direct emissions and indirect emissions.
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Direct emissions are emissions that are a primary effect of soil management, like e. g. NH<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O due to application of fertilizers. For the direct emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O see Chapter [5.3.1](/5-Crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.3-Greenhouse-gases/5.3.1-Direct-N2O-emissions-from-crop-production-and-agricultural-soils).
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Indirect emissions are N<sub>2</sub>O emissions that are a secondary effect of agricultural activities, i. e. N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils due to deposition of reactive nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub> and NO) emitted from agricultural sources, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions that are a consequence of nitrogen leaching and runoff.
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According to [IPCC (2006)](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006), indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions caused by the N management in animal housing and manure storage are attributed to animal husbandry (Sector 3.B), see Chapter [4.4.3](/4%20Manure%20management/4.4%20Greenhouse-gases/4.4.3%20indirect%20N2O%20from%20manure%20management). For indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in connection with digestion of energy crops see also Chapter [4.4.3](/4-Manure-management/4.4-Greenhouse-gases/4.4.3-Indirect-N2O-from-manure-management#deposition). All other indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are reported in the Sector 'agricultural soils' (Sector 3.D). Their calculation is described in the following.
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Table 1 gives an overview of the methodologies applied. Since submission 2024 a tier 3 method is applied to calculate indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from leaching. For the emissions from deposition, only Tier 1 calculation procedures are available for the time being.
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**Table 1: Agricultural soils, procedures used for the calculation of indirect N2O emissions**
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# Leaching
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Nitrogen inputs into soils can cause input of nitrate to waterbodies due to runoff and leaching. These inputs to surface and ground waters cause indirect nitrous oxide emissions resulting from denitrification in these waterbodies.
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The indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions as a result of leaching and surface runoff are calculated using a Tier 3 method since submission 2024. The methodology is based on the calculation of nitrogen surpluses, a proportion of which is leached as nitrate or laterally displaced into receiving waters in a region-specific manner. The N surpluses are formed from the sum of the N inputs (from mineral fertilizers, manure (domestic and imported), crop residues, digestion residues, sewage sludge and composts) minus the N removal by harvest and minus the nitrogen emitted as NH<sub>3</sub> when mineral and organic fertilizers are applied. [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) have modeled what proportion of the N excess at the NUTS-2 level is leached or flows off the surface. This proportion is assumed to be constant over the entire time series.
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[Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) estimated regional and dynamic frac<sub>LEACH</sub> values by combining different models. High resolution input data on the production of animals and crop, as well as on climatic and hydrological factors were used as input data, representing the time period between 2014-2016. As studies found that N surplus is a better predictor of N leaching than N input (De Notaris et al. 2018), the N surplus as well as the N losses through leaching were modeled on a high resolution by a combination of different models. The N conversion processes in the soil were modeled with the DENUZ model (Kunkel & Wendland, 2006). Because the high resolution spatial data for the leaching model were only available for the years 2014-2016, a regional transfer coefficient was calculated:
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{width="187" height="45"}
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Where N<sub>Leach,ref</sub> is the average annual amount of N leached in 2014–2016 modeled from detailed data and N<sub>Surplus,ref</sub> is the average N surplus in the same years in the emission inventory. This coefficient was used for the whole time series to determine the regional share of the N surplus that is prone to leaching. The transfer coefficients were calculated at NUTS-1 level. The federal state Lower Saxony was divided into two regions: the north-west of the state, where livestock densities are especially high, and the south-east of the state with lower livestock densities. The three city states were merged with neighboring federal states. The methodology is described in detail in [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf).
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The indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are calculated by multiplying the amount of N that is leached or flows off the surface with the emission factor (0.011 kg N<sub>2</sub>O (kg N)<sup>-1</sup>, see [IPCC (2019)](/9%20Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019)) followed by applying the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub>O-N conversion factor 44/28. Figure 1 shows that the emissions resulting from the new method are significantly lower than with the previous Tier 1 method with constant Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>. The secondary axis shows the average winter wheat yield, with which the national N surplus in crop production is negatively correlated. From 2020 onwards, this correlation is masked by effects of stricter fertilizer laws and high fertilizer prices.
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The emissions calculated with the new method exhibit more annual variation than those from the Tier-1 method because the N surplus has a stronger dependence on the environmental conditions in the respective years than N input. In years with poor harvests and high N inputs (e.g. 2018), there are comparatively high emissions.
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The subsequently calculated Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> values are between 0.07 and 0.14 and therefore within the uncertainty range specified for the new Frac<sub>LEACH-(H)</sub> (0.24) in[ IPCC (2019)](/9%20Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019) (0.01 - 0.73). The relative uncertainty range estimated by [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) for Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> (-100%, +200%) results in significantly narrower absolute confidence intervals than that of the Tier 1 approach.
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**Figure 1: Comparison of annual indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from leaching and surface runoff according to the IPCC 2006 Tier 1 method and the new Tier 3 method according to Eysholdt et al. (2022).**
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## Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>
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<span dir="">Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> is defined as the relative fraction of N inputs into the soil that is lost via leaching and surface runoff.</span>
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Since Submission 2024 Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> is not a constant anymore, but an implied value for each district and each year calculated from the N surplus as described above.
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## Activity data
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The amount of leached N (m<sub>leach</sub>) that leads to indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions is calculated by multiplying an amount of N (m<sub>N, </sub>see Equation below) with the leaching factor Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>.
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The amount of N available (m<sub>N</sub>) is defined as follows:
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## Calculation of emissions
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The N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are calculated using a Tier 3 methodology with subsequently calculated variable values for Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>. However, formally it can be notated like the Tier 1 methodology according to [IPCC(2019)](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/emissionsagriculture2024/-/wikis/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019)-11.23, Equation 11.10:
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The N<sub>2</sub>O-N emission factor is 0.011 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>, see [IPCC(2019)](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/emissionsagriculture2024/-/wikis/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019)-11.26, Table 11.3.
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# Deposition of reactive nitrogen
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<span dir="">Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen species results in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. For the agricultural emission inventory, the deposition of reactive nitrogen from agriculture is considered.</span>
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## Activity data
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<span dir="">In the German inventory, the calculation of the indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions caused by deposition assumes that all emissions of reactive nitrogen listed below are deposited:</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from fertilizer application,</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from application of animal manures (incl. digested manures),</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from application of digestate of energy crops,</span> digestate of waste and composts,
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from application of sewage sludge,</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and No from grazing.</span>
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## Calculation of emissions
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<span dir="">The Tier 1 approach is used:</span>
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<span dir="">The N<sub>2</sub>O-N emission factor \_EF\_<sub>N2O-N, dep</sub> is given as 0.01 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (</span>[<span dir="">IPCC(2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-11.24, Table 11.3).</span>
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The fractions described in the following have to be reported within the framework of emission reporting (CRF table 3.D). They are NOT used for the calculation of indirect emissions.
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## Frac<sub>GASF</sub>
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<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-11.21, Equation 11.9, Frac<sub>GASF</sub> is defined as the fraction of total N in synthetic fertilizers applied that is emitted as NH<sub>3</sub>-N and NO-N.</span>
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<span dir="">In the German inventory the quantity Frac<sub>GASF</sub> is not used as an input parameter. It is back-calculated from input and output data once the emission calculations are terminated.</span>
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<span dir="">Frac<sub>GASF</sub> is primarily determined by NH<sub>3</sub>-N and, because of the different NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors of the various synthetic fertilizer types, especially by the synthetic fertilizer mix of the respective year: Because of the comparatively high emission factor of urea (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">5.2.1.2</span>](/5-Crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2-Air-pollutants-and-dust/5.2.1-NH3-emissions-from-crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2.1.2-NH3-emissions-from-spreading-of-synthetic-fertilizers,-animal-manures,-digestates,-sewage-sludge,-compost)<span dir="">) there is a very good correlation of Frac<sub>GASF</sub> with the relative ratio \_r\_<sub>UN</sub> of urea-N to total synthetic fertilizer N, but only up to the year 2019, as the emission factor was lowered from 2020 onwards (see chapter </span>[<span dir="">5.2.1.2</span>](/5-Crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2-Air-pollutants-and-dust/5.2.1-NH3-emissions-from-crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2.1.2-NH3-emissions-from-spreading-of-synthetic-fertilizers,-animal-manures,-digestates,-sewage-sludge,-compost)<span dir="">).</span>
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<span dir="">Chapter </span>[<span dir="">7</span>](/7%20International%20comparisons%20of%20results#soils-and-crops)<span dir=""> shows, for example, the German Frac<sub>GASF</sub> value for the penultimate time-series year. For the full time series, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">8</span>](/8%20references%20to%20the%20data%20collection#soil-data)<span dir="">.</span>
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## Frac<sub>GASM</sub>
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<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-11.21, Equation 11.9, Frac<sub>GASM</sub> is "the fraction of total organic N fertilizer materials and of urine and dung deposited by grazing animals" that is emitted as NH<sub>3</sub>-N and NO-N. (The Frac<sub>GASM</sub> definition in CRF 3.D is not the same as this definition and is thus ignored in German reporting.)</span>
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[[_TOC_]]
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N<sub>2</sub>O Emissions from managed agricultural soils and cultures fall into two categories: direct emissions and indirect emissions.
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Direct emissions are emissions that are a primary effect of soil management, like e. g. NH<sub>3</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O due to application of fertilizers. For the direct emissions of N<sub>2</sub>O see Chapter [5.3.1](/5-Crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.3-Greenhouse-gases/5.3.1-Direct-N2O-emissions-from-crop-production-and-agricultural-soils).
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Indirect emissions are N<sub>2</sub>O emissions that are a secondary effect of agricultural activities, i. e. N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils due to deposition of reactive nitrogen (NH<sub>3</sub> and NO) emitted from agricultural sources, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions that are a consequence of nitrogen leaching and runoff.
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According to [IPCC (2006)](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006), indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions caused by the N management in animal housing and manure storage are attributed to animal husbandry (Sector 3.B), see Chapter [4.4.3](/4%20Manure%20management/4.4%20Greenhouse-gases/4.4.3%20indirect%20N2O%20from%20manure%20management). For indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in connection with digestion of energy crops see also Chapter [4.4.3](/4-Manure-management/4.4-Greenhouse-gases/4.4.3-Indirect-N2O-from-manure-management#deposition). All other indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are reported in the Sector 'agricultural soils' (Sector 3.D). Their calculation is described in the following.
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Table 1 gives an overview of the methodologies applied. Since submission 2024 a tier 3 method is applied to calculate indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from leaching. For the emissions from deposition, only Tier 1 calculation procedures are available for the time being.
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**Table 1: Agricultural soils, procedures used for the calculation of indirect N2O emissions**
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# Leaching
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Nitrogen inputs into soils can cause input of nitrate to waterbodies due to runoff and leaching. These inputs to surface and ground waters cause indirect nitrous oxide emissions resulting from denitrification in these waterbodies.
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The indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions as a result of leaching and surface runoff are calculated using a Tier 3 method since submission 2024. The methodology is based on the calculation of nitrogen surpluses, a proportion of which is leached as nitrate or laterally displaced into receiving waters in a region-specific manner. The N surpluses are formed from the sum of the N inputs (from mineral fertilizers, manure (domestic and imported), crop residues, digestion residues, sewage sludge and composts) minus the N removal by harvest and minus the nitrogen emitted as NH<sub>3</sub> when mineral and organic fertilizers are applied. [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) have modeled what proportion of the N excess at the NUTS-2 level is leached or flows off the surface. This proportion is assumed to be constant over the entire time series.
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[Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) estimated regional and dynamic frac<sub>LEACH</sub> values by combining different models. High resolution input data on the production of animals and crop, as well as on climatic and hydrological factors were used as input data, representing the time period between 2014-2016. As studies found that N surplus is a better predictor of N leaching than N input (De Notaris et al. 2018), the N surplus as well as the N losses through leaching were modeled on a high resolution by a combination of different models. The N conversion processes in the soil were modeled with the DENUZ model (Kunkel & Wendland, 2006). Because the high resolution spatial data for the leaching model were only available for the years 2014-2016, a regional transfer coefficient was calculated:
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{width="187" height="45"}
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Where N<sub>Leach,ref</sub> is the average annual amount of N leached in 2014–2016 modeled from detailed data and N<sub>Surplus,ref</sub> is the average N surplus in the same years in the emission inventory. This coefficient was used for the whole time series to determine the regional share of the N surplus that is prone to leaching. The transfer coefficients were calculated at NUTS-1 level. The federal state Lower Saxony was divided into two regions: the north-west of the state, where livestock densities are especially high, and the south-east of the state with lower livestock densities. The three city states were merged with neighboring federal states. The methodology is described in detail in [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf).
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The indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are calculated by multiplying the amount of N that is leached or flows off the surface with the emission factor (0.011 kg N<sub>2</sub>O (kg N)<sup>-1</sup>, see [IPCC (2019)](/9%20Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019)) followed by applying the N<sub>2</sub>O/N<sub>2</sub>O-N conversion factor 44/28. Figure 1 shows that the emissions resulting from the new method are significantly lower than with the previous Tier 1 method with constant Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>. The secondary axis shows the average winter wheat yield, with which the national N surplus in crop production is negatively correlated. From 2020 onwards, this correlation is masked by effects of stricter fertilizer laws and high fertilizer prices.
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The emissions calculated with the new method exhibit more annual variation than those from the Tier-1 method because the N surplus has a stronger dependence on the environmental conditions in the respective years than N input. In years with poor harvests and high N inputs (e.g. 2018), there are comparatively high emissions.
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The subsequently calculated Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> values are between 0.07 and 0.14 and therefore within the uncertainty range specified for the new Frac<sub>LEACH-(H)</sub> (0.24) in[ IPCC (2019)](/9%20Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019) (0.01 - 0.73). The relative uncertainty range estimated by [Eysholdt et al. (2022)](https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/916954/files/Journal%20of%20Plant%20Nutrition%20and%20Soil%20Science%20-%202022%20-%20Eysholdt%20-%20A%20model%E2%80%90based%20estimate%20of%20nitrate%20leaching%20in%20Germany%20for.pdf) for Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> (-100%, +200%) results in significantly narrower absolute confidence intervals than that of the Tier 1 approach.
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**Figure 1: Comparison of annual indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from leaching and surface runoff according to the IPCC 2006 Tier 1 method and the new Tier 3 method according to Eysholdt et al. (2022).**
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## Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>
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<span dir="">Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> is defined as the relative fraction of N inputs into the soil that is lost via leaching and surface runoff.</span>
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Since Submission 2024 Frac<sub>LEACH</sub> is not a constant anymore, but an implied value for each district and each year calculated from the N surplus as described above.
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## Activity data
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The amount of leached N (m<sub>leach</sub>) that leads to indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions is calculated by multiplying an amount of N (m<sub>N, </sub>see Equation below) with the leaching factor Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>.
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The amount of N available (m<sub>N</sub>) is defined as follows:
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## Calculation of emissions
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The N<sub>2</sub>O emissions are calculated using a Tier 3 methodology with subsequently calculated variable values for Frac<sub>LEACH</sub>. However, formally it can be notated like the Tier 1 methodology according to [IPCC(2019)](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/emissionsagriculture2024/-/wikis/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019)-11.23, Equation 11.10:
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The N<sub>2</sub>O-N emission factor is 0.011 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>, see [IPCC(2019)](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/emissionsagriculture2024/-/wikis/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2019)-11.26, Table 11.3.
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# Deposition of reactive nitrogen
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<span dir="">Atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen species results in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. For the agricultural emission inventory, the deposition of reactive nitrogen from agriculture is considered.</span>
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## Activity data
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<span dir="">In the German inventory, the calculation of the indirect N<sub>2</sub>O emissions caused by deposition assumes that all emissions of reactive nitrogen listed below are deposited:</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from fertilizer application,</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from application of animal manures (incl. digested manures),</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from application of digestate of energy crops,</span> digestate of waste and composts,
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and NO from application of sewage sludge,</span>
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* <span dir="">NH<sub>3</sub> and No from grazing.</span>
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## Calculation of emissions
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<span dir="">The Tier 1 approach is used:</span>
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<span dir="">The N<sub>2</sub>O-N emission factor EF<sub>N2O-N, dep</sub> is given as 0.01 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (</span>[<span dir="">IPCC(2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-11.24, Table 11.3).</span>
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The fractions described in the following have to be reported within the framework of emission reporting (CRF table 3.D). They are NOT used for the calculation of indirect emissions.
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## Frac<sub>GASF</sub>
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<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-11.21, Equation 11.9, Frac<sub>GASF</sub> is defined as the fraction of total N in synthetic fertilizers applied that is emitted as NH<sub>3</sub>-N and NO-N.</span>
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<span dir="">In the German inventory the quantity Frac<sub>GASF</sub> is not used as an input parameter. It is back-calculated from input and output data once the emission calculations are terminated.</span>
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<span dir="">Frac<sub>GASF</sub> is primarily determined by NH<sub>3</sub>-N and, because of the different NH<sub>3</sub> emission factors of the various synthetic fertilizer types, especially by the synthetic fertilizer mix of the respective year: Because of the comparatively high emission factor of urea (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">5.2.1.2</span>](/5-Crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2-Air-pollutants-and-dust/5.2.1-NH3-emissions-from-crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2.1.2-NH3-emissions-from-spreading-of-synthetic-fertilizers,-animal-manures,-digestates,-sewage-sludge,-compost)<span dir="">) there is a very good correlation of Frac<sub>GASF</sub> with the relative ratio r<sub>UN</sub> of urea-N to total synthetic fertilizer N, but only up to the year 2019, as the emission factor was lowered from 2020 onwards (see chapter </span>[<span dir="">5.2.1.2</span>](/5-Crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2-Air-pollutants-and-dust/5.2.1-NH3-emissions-from-crop-production-and-agricultural-soils/5.2.1.2-NH3-emissions-from-spreading-of-synthetic-fertilizers,-animal-manures,-digestates,-sewage-sludge,-compost)<span dir="">).</span>
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<span dir="">Chapter </span>[<span dir="">7</span>](/7%20International%20comparisons%20of%20results#soils-and-crops)<span dir=""> shows, for example, the German Frac<sub>GASF</sub> value for the penultimate time-series year. For the full time series, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">8</span>](/8%20references%20to%20the%20data%20collection#soil-data)<span dir="">.</span>
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## Frac<sub>GASM</sub>
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<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">IPCC (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-11.21, Equation 11.9, Frac<sub>GASM</sub> is "the fraction of total organic N fertilizer materials and of urine and dung deposited by grazing animals" that is emitted as NH<sub>3</sub>-N and NO-N. (The Frac<sub>GASM</sub> definition in CRF 3.D is not the same as this definition and is thus ignored in German reporting.)</span>
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<span dir="">In the German inventory the quantity Frac<sub>GASM</sub> is not used as an input parameter. It is back-calculated from input and output data once the emission calculations are terminated. Chapter </span>[<span dir="">7</span>](/7%20International%20comparisons%20of%20results#soils-and-crops)<span dir=""> shows, for example, the German Frac<sub>GASM</sub> value for the penultimate time-series year. For the full time series, see Chapter </span>[8](/8%20references%20to%20the%20data%20collection#soil-data). |
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