2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.6-Intake-of-XP-and-other-feed-properties.md

@@ -2,15 +2,15 @@
 
 ## Use of protein in pig and broiler feeding
 
-In combination with the inquiry on pig animal numbers on 3 November 2011, the Federal Statistical Office made a survey on the use of protein in pig fattening between November 2010 and October 2011 (about 11000 farms). This survey was repeated in 2021 on the use of protein in pig fattening between November 2020 and October 2021  The aim of these protein-use inquiries was to improve the data base for the emission inventory. The first questionnaire in 2011 queried only feed protein contents for the first and the last phase in phase feeding of fattening pigs; for possible phases in between no protein data were collected. The second questionnaire in 2021 queried feed protein contents of up to 5 phases and for multiphase feeding in the feeding of fattening pigs The questionnaires also queried on the national level and on the level of the federal states the percentages of the various feeding concepts (single-phase, up to 5 phases, multi-phase feeding). Based on these data an improved model concept has been developed to account for the reduction of feed N input in fattener feeding. In 2022 further data on fattening pig feeding was available: the German Animal Nutrition Association (Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung, DVT) asked its members about crude protein levels and other feed indicators and published the results [(DVT, 2021a)](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dvt-2021a). This data was included in the model concept for fattening pig feeding. For this model concept and the underlying data of the survey see Chapter [2.4.5](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Feed-and-energy-intake).
+In combination with the inquiry on pig animal numbers on 3 November 2011, the Federal Statistical Office made a survey on the use of protein in pig fattening between November 2010 and October 2011 (about 11000 farms). This survey was repeated in 2021 on the use of protein in pig fattening between November 2020 and October 2021  The aim of these protein-use inquiries was to improve the data base for the emission inventory. The first questionnaire in 2011 queried only feed protein contents for the first and the last phase in phase feeding of fattening pigs; for possible phases in between no protein data were collected. The second questionnaire in 2021 queried feed protein contents of up to 5 phases and for multiphase feeding in the feeding of fattening pigs The questionnaires also queried on the national level and on the level of the federal states the percentages of the various feeding concepts (single-phase, up to 5 phases, multi-phase feeding). Based on these data an improved model concept has been developed to account for the reduction of feed N input in fattener feeding. In 2022 further data on fattening pig feeding was available: the German Animal Nutrition Association (Deutscher Verband Tiernahrung, DVT) asked its members about crude protein levels and other feed indicators and published the results [(DVT, 2021a)](/9-Literature#dvt-2021a). This data was included in the model concept for fattening pig feeding. For this model concept and the underlying data of the survey see Chapter [2.4.5](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Feed-and-energy-intake).
 
-There was also a survey of the members of the DVT concerning the feeding of broilers, the results of which were published [(DVT, 2021b)](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dvt-2021b). The reported raw protein contents of the feed were adopted since Submission 2022 for the broiler model, see below.
+There was also a survey of the members of the DVT concerning the feeding of broilers, the results of which were published [(DVT, 2021b)](/9-Literature#dvt-2021b). The reported raw protein contents of the feed were adopted since Submission 2022 for the broiler model, see below.
 
 # Cattle
 
 ## Dairy cows
 
-<span dir="">To model feed intake and emissions, the contents of energy, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, N-free extracts and crude fat as well as the digestibility of organic matter are initially required for each individual feed component. For each individual feed component, the NEL and crude protein content can be found in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 13, and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15. The other parameters were made available by Spiekers (2019, personal communication, LfL Grub-Poing). On this basis, the averaged characteristic values that are ultimately relevant for the model calculations are obtained, see Table 1 and Table 2.</span>
+<span dir="">To model feed intake and emissions, the contents of energy, crude protein, ash, crude fiber, N-free extracts and crude fat as well as the digestibility of organic matter are initially required for each individual feed component. For each individual feed component, the NEL and crude protein content can be found in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 13, and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15. The other parameters were made available by Spiekers (2019, personal communication, LfL Grub-Poing). On this basis, the averaged characteristic values that are ultimately relevant for the model calculations are obtained, see Table 1 and Table 2.</span>
 
 **Table 1: <span dir="">Dairy cows, mean properties of the DLG (2005) feeding recommendations (dry matter-related)</span>**
 
@@ -22,19 +22,19 @@ There was also a survey of the members of the DVT concerning the feeding of broi
 
 ## Calves
 
-<span dir="">The modeling of the feed and energy intake of calves in the inventory is based on the feeding recommendation of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> described in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">, which is based on an ME requirement of 3400 MJ per calf. The ME surcharge contained therein of 7% compared to </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001) </span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">(see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">) is retained for the inventory.</span>
+<span dir="">The modeling of the feed and energy intake of calves in the inventory is based on the feeding recommendation of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir=""> described in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">, which is based on an ME requirement of 3400 MJ per calf. The ME surcharge contained therein of 7% compared to </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001) </span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">(see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">) is retained for the inventory.</span>
 
-<span dir="">Apart from the metabolisable energy, </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29, does not provide any information on the overall properties of the feeding recommendation. Therefore, the total dry mass as well as the total content of gross energy (GE) and raw protein were calculated for the inventory. Table 3 shows the results, together with the calculated mean ash content and the mean digestibility of crude protein and organic matter. The properties of the individual feed components on which the calculations are based are also shown.</span>
+<span dir="">Apart from the metabolisable energy, </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29, does not provide any information on the overall properties of the feeding recommendation. Therefore, the total dry mass as well as the total content of gross energy (GE) and raw protein were calculated for the inventory. Table 3 shows the results, together with the calculated mean ash content and the mean digestibility of crude protein and organic matter. The properties of the individual feed components on which the calculations are based are also shown.</span>
 
 **Table 3: <span dir="">Calves, feeding details based on the the DLG (2014) feeding recommendations (dry matter-related)</span>**
 
 ![grafik](uploads/a33fa0aecdfe9a8915b30904cb6771a1/grafik.png)
 
-<span dir="">In the inventory, the 'calves' category covers an increase in weight of 80 kg per calf after birth. Heavier animals are assigned to the categories 'dairy heifers', 'female beef cattle' and 'male beef cattle'. The calf definition in </span>[DLG (2014)](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29, on the other hand, assumes an increase of 90 kg per calf.</span>
+<span dir="">In the inventory, the 'calves' category covers an increase in weight of 80 kg per calf after birth. Heavier animals are assigned to the categories 'dairy heifers', 'female beef cattle' and 'male beef cattle'. The calf definition in </span>[DLG (2014)](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29, on the other hand, assumes an increase of 90 kg per calf.</span>
 
-<span dir="">Larger growth implies a higher energy requirement and thus also a higher feed requirement. Therefore, the DLG feed quantities have to be converted to the lower increase set in the inventory. The derivation of the conversion factor is based on a comparison of the ME requirement values calculated according to </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, Chapter 1.5. For the DLG calf, the total ME requirement according to GfE is 3181.5 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup>, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">. A similar calculation for the inventory calf results in 3029.9 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup>. This is - taking into account the non-displayed decimal places of the ME requirement values ​​and conservative rounding to four decimal places - 0.9524 times the GfE value.</span>
+<span dir="">Larger growth implies a higher energy requirement and thus also a higher feed requirement. Therefore, the DLG feed quantities have to be converted to the lower increase set in the inventory. The derivation of the conversion factor is based on a comparison of the ME requirement values calculated according to </span>[<span dir="">GfE (2001)</span>](/9-Literature#gfe-gesellschaft-f%C3%BCr-ern%C3%A4hrungsphysiologie-ausschuss-f%C3%BCr-bedarfsnormen-2001)<span dir="">, Chapter 1.5. For the DLG calf, the total ME requirement according to GfE is 3181.5 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup>, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">. A similar calculation for the inventory calf results in 3029.9 MJ calf<sup>-1</sup>. This is - taking into account the non-displayed decimal places of the ME requirement values ​​and conservative rounding to four decimal places - 0.9524 times the GfE value.</span>
 
-<span dir="">In the inventory model, the percentage ME surcharge should be taken into account, which is based on the feeding recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29 (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">). Therefore the factor 0.9524 is applied to the absolute values in Table 3  (intake of ME, GE and XP). The results are shown in Table 4. Relative values such as ash content and digestibility remain unchanged in this conversion.</span>
+<span dir="">In the inventory model, the percentage ME surcharge should be taken into account, which is based on the feeding recommendations of </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 29 (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">). Therefore the factor 0.9524 is applied to the absolute values in Table 3  (intake of ME, GE and XP). The results are shown in Table 4. Relative values such as ash content and digestibility remain unchanged in this conversion.</span>
 
 **Table 4: <span dir="">Calves, feeding details used in the inventory</span>**
 
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ There was also a survey of the members of the DVT concerning the feeding of broi
 
 ## Heifers
 
-<span dir="">For the modeling of feed intake and emissions, the energy, crude protein, and ash content as well as the digestibility of organic matter and crude protein are required for each individual feed component. For each individual feed component, ME and crude protein content can be found in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 13, and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15. The raw protein digestibility is based on information in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (1997)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-1997)<span dir="">. The other parameters were made available by Spiekers (2019, personal communication, LfL Grub-Poing). On this basis, the averaged characteristic values relevant for the heifer model calculations result, see Table 5. This table also shows the relative proportion of pasture grass in the total ME content of the respective feed ration (μ<sub>ME</sub>). These ME components are required in the model to calculate the population-average feeding, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.5</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Feed-and-energy-intake#modeling-dry-matter-intake-1)<span dir="">. </span>
+<span dir="">For the modeling of feed intake and emissions, the energy, crude protein, and ash content as well as the digestibility of organic matter and crude protein are required for each individual feed component. For each individual feed component, ME and crude protein content can be found in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, p. 13, and </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2014)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2014)<span dir="">, p. 15. The raw protein digestibility is based on information in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (1997)</span>](/9-Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-1997)<span dir="">. The other parameters were made available by Spiekers (2019, personal communication, LfL Grub-Poing). On this basis, the averaged characteristic values relevant for the heifer model calculations result, see Table 5. This table also shows the relative proportion of pasture grass in the total ME content of the respective feed ration (μ<sub>ME</sub>). These ME components are required in the model to calculate the population-average feeding, see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.5</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Feed-and-energy-intake#modeling-dry-matter-intake-1)<span dir="">. </span>
 
 **Table 5: <span dir="">Heifers, mean properties of feeding recommendations (dry matter-related) and ME contribution by pasture grass as fraction of total ME contained in the diet</span>**
 
 ![grafik](uploads/0c25cda68713ae323e71e24e89f0f5ee/grafik.png)
 
-<span dir="">The calculation of emissions from cattle farming requires not only the calculation of energy intake but also the intake of crude protein (and thus N), crude ash, crude fiber, crude fat and N-free extracts. The calculation is analogous to the GE intake described in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.5</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Energy-intake/GE-intake#heifers)<span dir="">, whereby the average content of crude protein, crude ash, etc. of the three feeding categories is required instead of the GE content.</span>
+<span dir="">The calculation of emissions from cattle farming requires not only the calculation of energy intake but also the intake of crude protein (and thus N), crude ash, crude fiber, crude fat and N-free extracts. The calculation is analogous to the GE intake described in Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.5</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.5-Energy-intake/GE-intake#heifers)<span dir="">, whereby the average content of crude protein, crude ash, etc. of the three feeding categories is required instead of the GE content.</span>
 
 ## Male beef cattle
 
@@ -58,9 +58,9 @@ There was also a survey of the members of the DVT concerning the feeding of broi
 
 ![grafik](uploads/5ae0b5dbea7667571ae6171dc9d94f3a/grafik.png)
 
-<span dir="">The data for crude protein contents are converted into data on N contents by multiplying the crude protein contents by 1/6.25 (</span>[<span dir="">IPCC(2006)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.58).</span>
+<span dir="">The data for crude protein contents are converted into data on N contents by multiplying the crude protein contents by 1/6.25 (</span>[<span dir="">IPCC(2006)</span>](/9-Literature#ipcc-intergovernmental-panel-on-climate-change-2006)<span dir="">-10.58).</span>
 
-<span dir="">The total ME requirement (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">) is covered by the individual feed components in the allocation described above. This shows how much of each feed component (in units of dry matter) is consumed. The multiplication of these dry matter quantities by the feed component-specific GE contents (see Table 6) results in the total GE intake.</span>
+<span dir="">The total ME requirement (see Chapter </span>[<span dir="">2.4.4</span>](/2-Input-data/2.4-Animal-activity-and-performance-data/2.4.4-Energy-requirements)<span dir="">) is covered by the individual feed components in the allocation described above. This shows how much of each feed component (in units of dry matter) is consumed. The multiplication of these dry matter quantities by the feed component-specific GE contents (see Table 6) results in the total GE intake.</span>
 
 <span dir="">Average digestibility is calculated by weighted averaging over the feed components.</span>
 
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ There was also a survey of the members of the DVT concerning the feeding of broi
 
 ## Broilers
 
-<span dir="">The ash content of feed has decreased over the time series according to </span>[<span dir="">Emthaus (pers. Communication)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9%20Literature#emthaus-c-2021)<span dir="">, see the following table. Due to lack of information, the aformentioned feed properties are assumed to be constant with space.</span>
+<span dir="">The ash content of feed has decreased over the time series according to </span>[<span dir="">Emthaus (pers. Communication)</span>](/9%20Literature#emthaus-c-2021)<span dir="">, see the following table. Due to lack of information, the aformentioned feed properties are assumed to be constant with space.</span>
 
-<span dir="">In contrast to that, the mean content of crude protein (_x_<sub>XP, feed</sub>) is estimated as times series using data given in </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see the following table. Linear interpolation is performed between the available data for years in which no data are available.</span>
+<span dir="">In contrast to that, the mean content of crude protein (_x_<sub>XP, feed</sub>) is estimated as times series using data given in </span>[<span dir="">DVT (2021b)</span>](/9%20Literature#dvt-2021b)<span dir="">, see the following table. Linear interpolation is performed between the available data for years in which no data are available.</span>
 
 <span dir=""> </span>The <span dir="">content of crude protein is needed for the calculation of N intake with feed. Dividing _x_<sub>XP, feed</sub> by 6.25 yields the N content.</span>
 
@@ -90,27 +90,27 @@ There was also a survey of the members of the DVT concerning the feeding of broi
 
 ## Pullets
 
-<span dir="">The inventory assumes a dry matter content of pullet feed of 0.88 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> and a nitrogen content of 0.0247 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (related to dry matter). Both values are based on the feed compositions described in </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9%20Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1, and the dry matter and crude protein contents of the various feed components as given in </span>[<span dir="">Beyer et al. (2004)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9%20Literature#beyer-m-chudy-a-hoffmann-l-jentsch-w-laube-w-nehring-k-schiemann-r-2004)<span dir="">. By analogy, the GE and DE values provided by </span>[<span dir="">Beyer et al. (2004)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9%20Literature#beyer-m-chudy-a-hoffmann-l-jentsch-w-laube-w-nehring-k-schiemann-r-2004)<span dir=""> lead to a mean specific GE content of </span>_η_<span dir=""><sub>GE, feed</sub> = 15.77 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> and a mean specific DE content of </span>_η_<span dir=""><sub>DE, feed</sub> = 12.28 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> (both related to fresh matter)</span>.
+<span dir="">The inventory assumes a dry matter content of pullet feed of 0.88 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> and a nitrogen content of 0.0247 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (related to dry matter). Both values are based on the feed compositions described in </span>[<span dir="">Halle (2002)</span>](/9%20Literature#halle-i-2002)<span dir="">, Table 1, and the dry matter and crude protein contents of the various feed components as given in </span>[<span dir="">Beyer et al. (2004)</span>](/9%20Literature#beyer-m-chudy-a-hoffmann-l-jentsch-w-laube-w-nehring-k-schiemann-r-2004)<span dir="">. By analogy, the GE and DE values provided by </span>[<span dir="">Beyer et al. (2004)</span>](/9%20Literature#beyer-m-chudy-a-hoffmann-l-jentsch-w-laube-w-nehring-k-schiemann-r-2004)<span dir=""> lead to a mean specific GE content of </span>_η_<span dir=""><sub>GE, feed</sub> = 15.77 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> and a mean specific DE content of </span>_η_<span dir=""><sub>DE, feed</sub> = 12.28 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> (both related to fresh matter)</span>.
 
-<span dir="">The ash content of feed is 6.5 % according to </span>[<span dir="">RHG (2006)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9%20Literature#rhg-raiffeisen-hauptgenossenschaft-hannover-2006)<span dir="">, related to fresh matter. Related to a typical dry matter content of 88 % the ash content is 7.4 %.</span>
+<span dir="">The ash content of feed is 6.5 % according to </span>[<span dir="">RHG (2006)</span>](/9%20Literature#rhg-raiffeisen-hauptgenossenschaft-hannover-2006)<span dir="">, related to fresh matter. Related to a typical dry matter content of 88 % the ash content is 7.4 %.</span>
 
 <span dir="">Due to lack of information, the feeding-related data are assumed to be constant with time and space.</span>
 
-<span dir="">Feeding data provided in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9%20Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 46, for N reduced feeding allow for the derivation of a fresh matter crude protein content of 0.146 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (averaged over all feeding phases). This corresponds to a fresh matter N content of 0.0234 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Related to dry matter (using a dry matter content of 88 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>, see above), this leads to a N content of 0.0206 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>. However, due to lack of data on the temporal and spatial distribution, the N reduced feeding cannot be account for in the inventory.</span>
+<span dir="">Feeding data provided in </span>[<span dir="">DLG (2005)</span>](/9%20Literature#dlg-deutsche-landwirtschaftsgesellschaft-ed-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 46, for N reduced feeding allow for the derivation of a fresh matter crude protein content of 0.146 kg kg<sup>-1</sup> (averaged over all feeding phases). This corresponds to a fresh matter N content of 0.0234 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>. Related to dry matter (using a dry matter content of 88 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>, see above), this leads to a N content of 0.0206 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>. However, due to lack of data on the temporal and spatial distribution, the N reduced feeding cannot be account for in the inventory.</span>
 
 <span dir="">The inventory does not calculate the amount of gross energy GE as it is not needed for the VS calculation method used in the present inventory.</span>
 
 ## Ducks
 
-<span dir="">For the content of crude protein in duck feed, data in </span>[<span dir="">Jeroch and Dänicke (2005)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#jeroch-h-d%C3%A4nicke-s-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 166, allow for the derivation of a weighted mean: _x_<sub>XP, feed</sub> = 0.166 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>), related to fresh matter</span>.
+<span dir="">For the content of crude protein in duck feed, data in </span>[<span dir="">Jeroch and Dänicke (2005)</span>](/9-Literature#jeroch-h-d%C3%A4nicke-s-2005)<span dir="">, pg. 166, allow for the derivation of a weighted mean: _x_<sub>XP, feed</sub> = 0.166 kg kg<sup>-1</sup>), related to fresh matter</span>.
 
-<span dir="">The ash content of feed is 7.0 % according to </span>[<span dir="">RHG (2006)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#rhg-raiffeisen-hauptgenossenschaft-hannover-2006)<span dir="">, related to fresh matter. Related to a typical dry matter content of 88 % the ash content is 8.0 %.</span>
+<span dir="">The ash content of feed is 7.0 % according to </span>[<span dir="">RHG (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#rhg-raiffeisen-hauptgenossenschaft-hannover-2006)<span dir="">, related to fresh matter. Related to a typical dry matter content of 88 % the ash content is 8.0 %.</span>
 
 <span dir="">Due to lack of information, the feeding-related data are assumed to be constant with time and space. The inventory does not calculate the amount of gross energy GE as it is not needed for the VS calculation method used in the present inventory.</span>
 
 ## Turkeys
 
-<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">RHG (2006)</span>](https://git-dmz.thuenen.de/vos/EmissionsAgriculture2023/-/wikis/9-Literature#rhg-raiffeisen-hauptgenossenschaft-hannover-2006)<span dir="">, the ash content of feed is 8 % for the starter phase, 6.5 % for the main phase and 5 % for the final phase. Taking into account that the main phase represents by far the greatest fraction of the total production cycle, its ash content (6.5 %) is assumed to be representative for the total production cycle. Based on the dry matter content of feed (88 %) the dry matter-related ash content is 7,4 %.</span>
+<span dir="">According to </span>[<span dir="">RHG (2006)</span>](/9-Literature#rhg-raiffeisen-hauptgenossenschaft-hannover-2006)<span dir="">, the ash content of feed is 8 % for the starter phase, 6.5 % for the main phase and 5 % for the final phase. Taking into account that the main phase represents by far the greatest fraction of the total production cycle, its ash content (6.5 %) is assumed to be representative for the total production cycle. Based on the dry matter content of feed (88 %) the dry matter-related ash content is 7,4 %.</span>
 
 <span dir="">Due to lack of information, the feeding-related data are assumed to be constant with time and space.</span>